De sollertia animalium

ARISTOTIMUS. In general, then, the evidence by which the philosophers demonstrate that beasts have their share of reason is their possession of purpose[*](Cf. 961 c supra.) and preparation and memory and emotions and care for their young[*](See the essay De Amore Prolis, Mor. 493 a ff. passim.) and gratitude for benefits and hostility to what has hurt them; to which may be added their ability to find what they need and their manifestations of good qualities, such as courage[*](Plato, at least, held that, philosophically speaking, no beast is brave; Laches, 196 d; Republic, 430 b.) and sociability and continence and magnanimity. Let us ask ourselves if marine creatures exhibit any of these traits, or perhaps some suggestion of them, that is extremely faint and difficult to discern (the observer only coming at long last to the opinion that it may be descried); whereas in the case of terrestrial and earth-born animals it is easy to find remarkably plain and unanswerable proofs of every one of the points I have mentioned.

In the first place, then, behold the purposeful demonstrations and preparations of bulls[*](See Mair on Oppian, Cyn. ii. 57.) stirring up dust when intent on battle, and wild boars whetting their tusks.[*](Aelian, De Natura Animal. vi. 1; Philo, 51 (p. 125); Homer, Iliad, xiii. 474 f.) Since elephants’ tusks are blunted by wear when, by digging or chopping, they fell the trees that feed them, they use only one tusk for this purpose and keep the other always pointed and sharp for defence.[*](Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist. viii. 8; viii. 71 of the rhinoceros; Aelian, De Natura Animal. vi. 56; Antigonus, Hist. Mirab. 102.) Lions[*](Cf. Mor. 520 f; Aelian, De Natura Animal. ix. 30.) always walk with paws clenched and claws retracted so that these may not be dulled by wear at the point or leave a plain trail for trackers; for it is not easy to find any trace of a lion’s claw; on the contrary, any sign of a track that is found is so slight and obscure that hunters lose the trail and go astray. You have heard, I am sure, how the ichneumon[*](See Thompson on Aristotle, Historia Animal. ix. 6 (612 a 16 ff.), where, however, the animal’s opponent is the asp. (So also Aelian, De Natura Animal. iii. 22; v. 48; vi. 38.) But cf. 980 e infra; Aelian, De Natura Animal. viii. 25; x. 47; Nicander, Theriaca, 201.) girds itself for battle as thoroughly as any soldier putting on his armour, such a quantity of mud does it don and plaster about its body when it plans to attack the crocodile. Moreover, we see house-martins[*](Cf. Thompson on Aristotle, Historia Animal. ix. 7 (612 b 21 ff.); Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 92; Philo, 22 (p. 110); Yale Class. Studies, xii. 139, on Anth. Pal. x. 4. 6.) preparing for procreation: how well they lay the solid twigs at the bottom to serve as a foundation, then mould the lighter bits about them; and if they perceive that the nest needs a lump of mud to glue it together, they skim over a pond or lake, touching the water with only the tips of their feathers to make them moist, yet not heavy with

dampness; then they scoop up dust and so smear over and bind together any parts that begin to sag or loosen. As for the shape of their work, it has no angles nor many sides, but is as smooth and circular as they can make it; such a shape is, in fact, both stable and capacious and provides no hold on the outside for scheming animals.[*](θηρία may be serpents here, or any wild beast, perhaps, such as members of the cat family that relish a diet of birds.)

There is more than one reason[*](For a collection of the loci communes dealing with swallow, bee, ant, spider, etc., see Dickerman in Trans. Am. Philol. Assoc. xlii (1911), pp. 123 ff.) for admiring spiders’[*](Aristotle, Historia Animal. ix. 39 (623 a 7 ff.); Aelian, De Natura Animal. i. 21; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xi. 79-84; Philo, 17 (p. 107); Philostratus, Imagines, ii. 28.) webs, the common model for both women’s looms and fowlers’[*](Commonly taken as fishermen, but this seems unlikely here.) nets; for there is the fineness of the thread and the evenness of the weaving, which has no disconnected threads and nothing like a warp, but is wrought with the even continuity of a thin membrane and a tenacity that comes from a viscous substance inconspicuously worked in. Then too, there is the blending of the colours that gives it an airy, misty look, the better to let it go undetected; and most notable of all is the art itself, like a charioteer’s or a helmsman’s, with which the spinner handles her artifice. When a possible victim is entangled, she perceives it, and uses her wits, like a skilled handler of nets, to close the trap suddenly and make it tight. Since this is daily under our eyes and observation, my account is confirmed. Otherwise it would seem a mere fiction, as I formerly regarded the tale of the Libyan crows[*](Cf. Anth. Pal. ix. 272; Aelian, De Natura Animal. ii. 48; Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 125; Avianus, fable 27.) which, when they are thirsty, throw stones into a pot to fill it and raise the water until it is within their reach; but later when I saw a dog

on board ship, since the sailors were away, putting pebbles into a half empty jar of oil, I was amazed at its knowing that lighter substances are forced upward when the heavier settle to the bottom.

Similar tales are told of Cretan bees and of geese in Cilicia.[*](Cf. Mor. 510 a-b, which adds the detail that the geese’s flight is by night. Contrast Aelian, De Natura Animal. ii, 1, Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 60, of cranes.) When the bees are going to round some windy promontory, they ballast themselves with little stones[*](Aelian, De Natura Animal. v. 13; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xi. 24, and Ernout, ad loc.; Dio Chrysostom, xliv, 7. Cf. 979 b infra, of the sea hedgehog; Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 69.) so as not to be carried out to sea; while the geese, in fear of eagles, take a large stone in their beaks whenever they cross Mt. Taurus, as it were reining in and bridling their gaggling loquacity that they may pass over in silence unobserved. It is well known, too, how cranes[*](Cf. 979 b infra; Aelian, De Natura Animal. iii. 13; Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 63, of geese; Mair on Oppian, Hal. i. 624; Lucan, v. 713 ff.) behave when they fly. Whenever there is a high wind and rough weather they do not fly, as on fine days, in line abreast or in a crescent-shaped curve; but they form at once a compact triangle with the point cleaving the gale that streams past, so that there is no break in the formation. When they have descended to the ground, the sentinels that stand watch at night support themselves on one foot and with the other grasp a stone and hold it firmly[*](Cf. 979 d infra; Aelian, loc. cit.; Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 59.); the tension of grasping this keeps them awake for a long time; but when they do relax, the stone escapes and quickly rouses the culprit.[*](Cf. the anecdote of Alexander in Ammianus Marcellinus, xvi. 5. 4; of Aristotle in Diogenes Laertius, v. 16.) So that I am not at all surprised that

Heracles tucked his bow under his arm:

1. Embracing it with mighty arm he sleeps,
2. Keeping his right hand gripped about the club.[*](Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag. p. 919, Adespoton 416.)

Nor, again, am I surprised at the man who first guessed how to open an oyster[*](That is, by dropping it in hot water.) when I read of the ingenuity of herons. For they swallow a closed mussel and endure the discomfort until they know that it has been softened and relaxed by their internal heat; then they disgorge it wide open and unfolded and extract the meat.[*](Cf. Aelian, De Natura Animal. iii. 20; another procedure is described in v. 35. See also Pliny, Nat. Hist. x. 115, of the shoveller duck; Philo, 31 (p. 116); Antigonus, Hist. Mirab. 41; al. )