Caesar

and thirdly, when a battle arose at Pharos,[*](An island off Alexandria, connected with the mainland by a mole, or causeway, which divided the harbour into two parts.) he sprang from the mole into a small boat and tried to go to the aid of his men in their struggle, but the Egyptians sailed up against him from every side, so that he threw himself into the sea and with great difficulty escaped by swimming. At this time, too, it is said that he was holding many papers in his hand and would not let them go, though missiles were flying at him and he was immersed in the sea, but held them above water with one hand and swam with the other; his little boat had been sunk at the outset.[*](Cf. Dio Cassius xlii. 40.)

But finally, after the king had gone away to the enemy, he marched against him and conquered him in a battle where many fell and the king himself disappeared. Then, leaving Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt (a little later she had a son by him whom the Alexandrians called Caesarion), he set out for Syria.

On leaving that country and traversing Asia,[*](In July of 47 B.C.) he learned that Domitius had been defeated by Pharnaces the son of Mithridates and had fled from Pontus with a few followers; also that Pharnaces, using his victory without stint, and occupying Bithynia and Cappadocia, was aiming to secure the country called Lesser Armenia, and was rousing to revolt all the princes and tetrarchs there.

At once, therefore, Caesar marched against him with three legions, fought a great battle with him near the city of Zela, drove him in flight out of Pontus, and annihilated his army. In announcing the swiftness and fierceness of this battle to one of his friends at Rome, Amantius, Caesar wrote three words Came, saw, conquered.[*](Veni, vidi, vici. According to Suetonius (Div. Jul. 37), the words were displayed in Caesar’s Pontic triumph.) In Latin, however, the words have the same inflectional ending, and so a brevity which is most impressive.

After this, he crossed to Italy and went up to Rome, at the close of the year for which he had a second time been chosen dictator,[*](The senate named Caesar Dictator for the year 47 immediately after the battle at Pharsalus.) though that office had never before been for a whole year; then for the following year he was proclaimed consul. Men spoke ill of him because, after his soldiers had mutinied and killed two men of praetorian rank, Galba and Cosconius, he censured them only so far as to call them citizens when he addressed them, instead of soldiers,[*](Cf. Appian, B. C. ii. 93.) and then gave each man a thousand drachmas and much allotted land in Italy.

He was also calumniated for the madness of Dolabella, the greed of Amantius, the drunkenness of Antony, and for the fact that Corfinius built over and refurnished the house of Pompey on the ground that it was not good enough for him. For at all these things the Romans were displeased. But owing to the political situation, though Caesar was not ignorant of these things and did not like them, he was compelled to make use of such assistants.