History of the Peloponnesian War

While the Peloponnesian forces were still collecting at the Isthmus and while they were on the march but had not yet invaded Attica, Pericles son of Xanthippus, who was one of the ten Athenian generals, when he realised that the invasion would be made, conceived a suspicion that perhaps Archidamus, who happened to be a guest-friend of his, might pass by his fields and not lay them waste, doing this either on his own initiative, in the desire to do him a personal favour, or at the bidding of the Lacedaemonians with a view to creating a prejudice against him, just as it was on his account that they had called upon the Athenians to drive out the pollution.[*](Thuc. 1.127.1.)So he announced to the Athenians in their assembly that while Archidamus was indeed a guest-friend of his, this relationship had certainly not been entered upon for the detriment of the state; and that in case the enemy might not lay waste his fields and houses like the rest, he now gave them up to be public property, and asked that no suspicion should arise against himself on that account.

And he gave them the same advice as before[*](cf. Thuc. 1.143.) about the present situation: that they should prepare for the war, should bring in their property from the fields, and should not go out to meet the enemy in battle, but should come into the city and there act on the defensive; that they should equip their fleet, in which their strength lay, and keep a firm hand upon their allies, explaining that the Athenian power depended on revenue of money received from the allies, and that, as a general rule, victories in war were won by abundance of money as well as by wise policy.

And he bade them be of good courage, as on an average six hundred talents[*](About £120,000 or $583,200. The original amount at the institution of the Confederacy of Delos was 460 talents (1.96.2. The figure here given is an average amount, because the assessment was revised every four years at the Panathenaea.These figures, and all other equivalents of Greek financial statements, are purely conventional, inasmuch as the purchasing power of money was then very much greater than now.) of tribute were coming in yearly from the allies to the city, not counting the other sources[*](The ordinary revenue, apart from the tribute, consisted of customs duties, tax on sales, poll tax on resident aliens, rents of state property, especially the silver mines, court fees and fines.) of revenue, and there were at this time still on hand in the Acropolis six thousand talents[*](About £1,940,000, or $9,428,400.) of coined silver (the maximum amount had been nine thousand seven hundred talents, from which expenditures had been made for the construction of the Propylaea[*](Completed about 432 B.c.) of the Acropolis and other buildings,[*](Such as the Parthenon, the Odeum, and the Telesterion at Eleusis (see Plut. Per. 13.).) as well as for the operations at Potidaea).

Besides, there was uncoined gold and silver in public and private dedications, and all the sacred vessels used in the processions and games, and the Persian spoils and other treasures of like nature, worth not less than five hundred talents.[*](About £100,000, or $486,000.)

And he estimated, besides, the large amount of treasure to be found in the other temples. All this would be available for their use, and, if they should be absolutely cut off from all other resources, they might use even the gold plates with which the statue of the goddess herself was overlaid.[*](The chryselephantine statue of Athena by Phidias in the Parthenon.)The statue, as he pointed out to them, contained forty talents' weight of pure gold, and it was all removable.[*](According to Plut. Per. xxxi., Phidias, by the advice of Pericles, laid on the gold in such a way that it could all be removed and weighed.)

This treasure they might use for selfpreservation, but they must replace as much as they took. As to their resources in money, then, he thus sought to encourage them;

and as to heavv-armed infantry, he told them that there were thirteen thousand, not counting the sixteen thousand men who garrisoned the forts and manned the city walls. For this was the number engaged in garrison duty at first, when the enemy were invading Attica, and they were composed of the oldest and the youngest[*](The age limits were eighteen to sixty, those from eighteen to twenty (peri/poloi) being called on only for garrison duty within the bounds of Attica. The age of full citizenship was twenty.) citizens and of such metics as were heavily armed. For the length of the Phalerian wall was thirty-five stadia to the circuit-wall of the city, and the portion of the circuit-wall itself which was guarded was fortythree stadia (a portion being left unguarded, that between the Long Wall and the Phalerian); and the Long Walls to the Peiraeus were forty stadia in extent, of which only the outside one was guarded; and the whole circuit of the Peiraeus including Munichia was sixty stadia, half of it being under guard.

The cavalry, Pericles pointed out, numbered twelve hundred, including mounted archers, the bow-men sixteen hundred, and the triremes that were seaworthy three hundred.

For these were the forces, and not less than these in each branch, which the Athenians had on hand when the first invasion of the Peloponnesians was impending and they found themselves involved in the war. And Pericles used still other arguments, as was his wont, to prove that they would be victorious in the war.