Res Gestae

But when, after being enriched by the booty of many men, they abandoned the sweet pleasure of robbery, which was interrupted by a movement of the emperor’s forces, they were crushed, and perished to the last man. Even their children, who were still small, in order that they might not grow up to follow the example of their fathers, were destroyed in the same fate; and the houses which they had built in showy fashion at the sorrowful expense of others were torn down. These things, then, happened in the connection in which they have been told.[*](I.e., in 369.)

But Theodosius,[*](Here Ammianus takes up his narrative from xxvii. 8.) that leader of celebrated name, filled with courageous vigour sallied forth from Augusta, which was earlier called Lundinium, with a force which he had mustered with energy and skill, and rendered the greatest aid to the troubled and confused[*](Through the raids of the Picts and Scots.) fortunes of the Britons. He secured beforehand everywhere the places suitable for ambushing the savages, requiring nothing of the common soldiers in which he himself did not smartly take the first tasks.

In this way, while he performed the duties of an active common soldier and observed the care of a distinguished general, after having routed and put

But while he was thus engaged, a dread event had taken place, which would have resulted in grave danger, if it had not been crushed in the very beginning of its attempt.

A certain Valentinus, born in Valeria, a part of Pannonia, a man of haughty spirit, brother-in-law of that pernicious vice-governor Maximinus, who was afterwards prefect, had been exiled to Britain because of a serious crime. There, impatient of quiet like a noxious beast, he roused himself to new and destructive plans, nursing a certain grudge against Theodosius, since he perceived that he was the only one who could resist his abominable designs.

However, after a good deal of looking about secretly and openly, driven by the swelling gale of his vast ambition, he began to tempt exiles and soldiers by promising for bold deeds as enticing rewards as his circumstances at the time permitted.

And already the time for carrying out the plans was near at hand, when that leader,[*](Theodosius.) eager for deeds of daring, learning of this from a prearranged source,[*](From those ordered to watch Valentinus.) resolved with lofty heart to punish those who were found guilty: Valentinus indeed, along with a few of his closest associates, he had consigned to the general Dulcitius,[*](Cf. xxvii. 8, 10.) to be punished with death; but with the military knowledge in which he surpassed all his contemporaries, he divined future dangers, and as to the rest of the conspirators forbade the carrying on of investigations,

Then, after the danger had been wholly removed, since it was common knowledge that propitious fortune had failed him in none of his undertakings, he turned his attention to making many necessary improvements, restoring the cities and defences, as we have said, and protecting the frontiers by sentinels and outposts. And so completely did he recover a province which had passed into the enemy’s hands and restore it to its former condition, that, in the words of his report, it had a legitimate governor; and it was henceforth called Valentia,[*](This was a fifth province, added to the four into which Britain was originally divided; these were Maxima Caesariensis, Flavia Caesariensis, Britannia Prima, and Britannia Secunda. Valentia means Health and Strength. ) in accordance with the emperor’s wish, who, one might almost say, celebrated an ovation in his joy on hearing the priceless news.[*](369 A.D.)

In the midst of such important events the[*](368 ff. A.D.) Arcani,[*](This word occurs nowhere else; the Arcani would seem to be connected with the secret service (agentes in rebus), to judge from the name and the description of their duties. They were perhaps the same as the Angarii, so called from άγγαρος an old Greek word for a Persian mounted courier, and were in charge of the Roman courier service; see Cod. Theod. viii, de cursu publico, tit. 5.) a class of men established in early times, about which I said something in the history of Constans,[*](In a lost book.) had gradually become corrupted, and consequently he removed them from their posts. For they were clearly convicted of having been led by the receipt, or the promise, of great booty at various times to betray to the savages what was going on among us. For it was their duty to hasten

After the above-mentioned affairs and other similar ones had been so brilliantly managed, Theodosius was summoned to the court, leaving the provinces dancing for joy, after distinguishing himself by many helpful victories like Furius Camillus or Papirius Cursor. And because of his general popularity he was escorted as far as the strait. where he crossed with a light wind, and came into[*](369 A.D.) the emperor’s company. He was received with joy and words of praise, and succeeded to the position of Jovinus,[*](Cf. xxvii. 2, 1, 4. He later, at Rheims, built the basilica loviana, in honour of the Holy Agricola.) commander of the cavalry forces, whom the emperor Valentinian considered to be lacking in energy.

After long lasting and serious dispersion from[*](368 ff. A.D.) affairs in Rome, constrained by the great mass of foreign events, I shall return to a brief account of these, beginning with the prefecture of Olybrius,[*](368—370.) which was exceedingly peaceful and mild; for he never allowed himself to be turned from humane conduct, but was careful and anxious that no word or act of his should ever be found harsh. He severely punished calumny, cut down the profits of the privy-purse wherever it was possible, fully and impartially distinguished justice from injustice, and showed himself most lenient towards those wbom he

But a cloud was thrown over all these merits by a fault which indeed was not harmful to the community, but yet was a stain on a high official; for almost his whole private life, since he was inclined to luxury, he spent in playhouses and love affairs, though the latter were neither unlawful nor incestuous.

After him Ampelius[*](371–372.) governed the city, a man who himself also lusted after pleasures. Born at Antioch, he had been formerly marshal of the court, was twice raised to the rank of proconsul,[*](In Achaia and in Africa.) and then, long afterwards, to the high honour of the prefecture. Although admirable in other respects and well suited to gaining the favour of the people, he was nevertheless sometimes hard, and I wish he had been steadfast of purpose; for he could have corrected in part, even though to a small extent, the incitements of appetite and gross gluttony, if he had not let himself be turned to laxity and thus lost enduring fame.

For he gave orders that no wine-shop should be opened before the fourth hour,[*](About nine o’clock in the morning.) that no one of the common people should heat water,[*](For mixing with wine.) that up to a fixed hour of the day no victualler should offer cooked meat for sale,[*](Such laws were passed first by Tiberius; cf. Suet., Tib. 34. They were renewed by Claudius (Dio, lx. 6, 7) and Nero (Suet., Nero, 16, 2).) and that no respectable man should be seen chewing anything in public.

These shameful acts, and others worse than these, had, by being constantly overlooked, blazed up to such unbridled heights that not even that celebrated Cretan Epimenides,[*](He lived in the sixth century B.C., and according to the myth, lived in a cave for a time variously given as 40, 50 or 78 years. Later, called to the help of the Athenians when they were in trouble, he carried out many reforms. He actually came to Athens in 596 B.C., to purify the city from the pestilence caused by the crimes of Cylon, a generation before.) if,

And first, as often, according to the quantity of topics,[*](Or possibly, so far as space allowed. ) I shall give an account of the delinquencies of the nobles and then of the common people, condensing the events in a rapid disgression.

Some men, distinguished (as they think) by famous fore-names, pride themselves beyond measure in being called Reburri, Flavonii, Pagonii, Gereones, and Dalii, along with Tarracii and Pherrasii, and many other equally fine-sounding indications of eminent ancestry.

Others, resplendent in silken garments, as though they were to be led to death,[*](Cf. xvi. 5, 5, where Lind. cites reflabilis tori plumeo sepulcro superba from Zeno Veronensis, Orat. de Spiritu et Corp., p. 367.) or as if (to speak without any evil omen) they were bringing up the rear[*](As commanders of the army; see xxv. 1, 5.) preceded by an army, are followed by a throng of slaves drawn up in troops, amid noise and confusion.

When such men, each attended by fifty servants, have entered the vaulted rooms of a bath, they shout in threatening tones: Where on earth are our attendants? If they have learned that an unknown courtesan has suddenly appeared, some woman who has been a common prostitute of the crowd of our city, some old strumpet, they all strive to be the first to reach her, and caressing the new-comer, extol her with such disgraceful flattery as the Parthians do Samiramis, the Egyptians their Cleopatras, the Carians Artemisia, or the people of

Some of these men, when one begins to salute them breast to breast, like menacing bulls turn to one side their heads, where they should be kissed, and offer their flatterers their knees to kiss or their hands, thinking that quite enough to ensure them a happy life; and they believe that a stranger is given an abundance of all the duties of courtesy, even though the great men may perhaps be under obligation to him, if he is asked what hot baths or waters he uses, or at what house he has been put up.