Res Gestae

But I myself say that there are two perpetually flowing rivers to be found in these lands, the Diabas and Adiabas,[*](Valesius thinks they are the same rivers which are more commonly called Zabas and Anzabas, and that dia became za; but see Index.) which I myself have crossed,[*](During the flight after Julian’s death.) and over which there are bridges of boats; and therefore it is to be assumed that Adiabena was named from them, as from great rivers Egypt[*](Homer calls the Nile Aegyptus; cf. xxii. 15, 3.) was named, according to Homer, as well as India, and the Euphratensis, before my time called Commagena; likewise from the Hiberus,[*](Ebro.) Hiberia (now Hispania), and the province of Baetica from the noble river Baetis.[*](Guadalquivir.)

In this Adiabena is the city of Ninus,[*](Also called Nineve; cf. xxviii. 7, 1.) which once possessed the rule over Persia, perpetuating the name of Ninus, once a most powerful king and the husband of Semiramis; also Ecbatana,[*](Likewise a city of Media.) Arbela, and Gaugamela,[*](Gaugamela was a small village near Arbela; it was there that the battle was fought, although it is more commonly called the battle of Arbela.) where Alexander, after various other battles, overthrew Darius in a hot contest.

But in all Assyria there are many cities, among which Apamia, formerly called Mesene,[*](Pliny, N.H. vi. 132, separates Apamia from Mesene; cf. xxiv. 3, 12; on Teredon, cf. Pliny, vi. 145.) and Teredon, Apollonia and Vologessia, and many similar ones are conspicuous. But these three are especially magnificent and widely known: Babylon,[*](Diod. Sic. (ii. 9, 9) says that in his time Babylon had been almost wholly destroyed and Pausanias, viii. 33, 3, that only the walls and the temple of Belus were standing.) whose walls Semiramis built with bitumen[*](Cf. Curtius, v. 1, 16 and 25.) (for the ancient king Belus built the citadel), and Ctesiphon, which Vardanes[*](Unknown.) founded long ago; and later king Pacorus[*](Pacorus seems to have been the son of king Orodes, defeated by Ventidius.) strengthened it with additional inhabitants and with walls, gave it a Greek name, and made it the crowning ornament of Persia. And finally there is Seleucia, the splendid work of Seleucus Nicator.

When this city was stormed by the generals of Verus Caesar (as I have related before),[*](In a lost book; cf. Capitolinus, Verus, 8, 3.) the statue of Apollo Comaeus was torn from its place and taken to Rome, where the priests of the gods set it up in the temple of the Palatine Apollo. And it is said that, after this same statue had been carried off and the city burned, the soldiers in ransacking the temple found a narrow crevice; this they widened in the hope of finding something valuable; but from a kind of shrine, closed by the occult arts of the Chaldaeans, the germ of that pestilence burst forth, which after generating the virulence of incurable diseases, in the time of the same Verus and of Marcus Antoninus polluted everything with contagion and death, from the frontiers of Persia all the way to the Rhine and to Gaul.[*](Cf. Capitol., Marcus Ant. 13, 3-6.)

Near these is the land of the Chaldaeans, the foster-mother of the old-time philosophy—as they themselves say—where the true art of divination first made its appearance. Now the most important rivers that flow through those lands, besides the others that I have mentioned, are the Marses, the Royal River,[*](It is really a canal; cf. xxiv. 6, 1, where its native name Naarmalcha is given.) and the Euphrates, greatest of all. The last-named divides into three branches, all of which are navigable, forms several islands, and often thoroughly waters the fields through the diligence of the farmers,[*](I.e. by irrigation.) and prepares them for the ploughshare and for tree-culture.

Neighbours to these lands are the Susiani, who have few cities. Conspicuous among them, however, is Susa, often the residence of the kings,[*](The kings spent the winter in Susa or Babylon (sometimes in Bactra); the summers in Ecbatana; cf. Strabo, xi. 13, 1, 5; xv. 3, 2.) and Arsiana, Sele, and Aracha. The others are small and little known. On the other hand, many rivers flow through this region; most notable among them are the Oroates, Harax, and Mosaeus, which along the narrow sandy tract that separates the Caspian from the Red Sea overflow into a great number of pools.

On the left Media extends, bordering on the Hyrcanian[*](Part of the Caspian.) Sea. Of this province we read that before the reign of the elder Cyrus and the growth in Persia’s power, it was the queen of all Asia, after it had overcome Assyria,[*](Under Arbaces in the reign of Sardanapalus, 876 B.C.) whose many provinces, changed in name to Agropatena, it possessed by the right of conquest.

It is a warlike nation, and most of all to be feared next to the Parthians, by whom alone it is surpassed, and its territory has the form of a rectangle. The inhabitants of these lands

Those who dwell on the western side of the lofty mountain Coronus[*](In Parthia.) abound in fields of grain and vineyards,[*](Polyb. v. 44, 1.) enjoy the fertility of a productive soil, and are rich in rivers and clear springs.

Their green meadows produce a noble breed of horses, on which their chiefs (as the writers of old say, and as I myself have seen) when entering battle are wont to ride full of courage. These horses they call Nesaean.[*](Cf. Herodotus, vii. 40; Strabo, xi. 13, 7; 14, 9. Others say that they were used only for the kings’ chariots.)

Therefore Media abounds in rich cities, in villages built up like towns, and in a great number of inhabitants; it is (to speak briefly) the richest residence of the kings.

In these parts are the fertile fields of the Magi, about whose sects and pursuits—since we have chanced on this point—it will be in place to give a few words of explanation. According to Plato,[*](Ax. 371, D; Isoc. ii. 28, 227 A.) the most eminent author of lofty ideas, magic, under the mystic name of hagistia,[*](ἁγιστεία, (ritual, holy rites. ) is thepurest worship of the gods. To the science of this, derived from the secret lore of the Chaldaeans, in ages long past the Bactrian Zoroaster[*](For Zarathustra, the founder of the Perso-Iranian native religion, which prevailed from 559 B.C. to A.D. 636. The Greek and Roman writers assign his birth to various places, into which his religion was introduced; it was probably Bactria, or western Iran. His date is also uncertain; Aristotle put it 6000 years before the death of Plato (Pliny, N.H. xxx. 3), others 1000 B.C.) made many contributions, and after him the wise king Hystaspes,[*](Hystaspes was not king. Others regard a much earlier Hystaspes as the teacher of magic.) the father of Darius.

When Zoroaster had boldly made his way into the unknown regions of Upper India, he reached a wooded wilderness, whose calm silence the lofty intellects of the Brahmins control. From their teaching he learned as much as he could grasp of the laws regulating the movements of the earth and the stars, and of the pure sacrificial rites. Of what he had learned he communicated something to the understanding of the Magi, which they, along with the art of divining the future, hand on from generation to generation to later times.

From that time on for many ages down to the present a large class of men of one and the same descent have devoted themselves to the service of the gods.[*](Their priesthood was hereditary, handed on from father to son.) The Magi also say (if it is right to believe them) that they guard on ever-burning braziers a fire sent down from heaven in their country, and that a small portion of it, as a good omen, used to be carried before the Asiatic kings.

The number of Magi of this origin in old times was very small, and the Persian potentates made regular use of their services in the worship of their gods. And it was sin to approach an altar, or touch a sacrificial victim, before one of the Magi, with a set form of prayer, poured the preliminary libations. But they gradually increased in number and became a strong clan, with a name of their own; they possessed country residences, which were protected by no great walls,[*](I.e. without walls.) and they were allowed to live in accordance with their own laws, and through respect for religion were held in high esteem.

From this seed of the Magi, as the ancient records relate, seven men after the death of Cambyses mounted the Persian

In this neighbourhood the Medic oil is made. If a missile is smeared with this oil and shot somewhat slowly from a loosened bow (for it is extinguished by a swift flight), wherever it lands it burns persistently; and if one tries to put it out with water, he makes it burn the more fiercely, and it can be quelled in no other way than by throwing dust upon it.[*](Cf. 4, 15, above, where Ammianus uses similar language of the malleoli; and 6, 16.)

Now, the oil is made in this way. Those who are skilled in such matters take oil of general use, mix it with a certain herb, and let it stand for a long time and thicken, until it gets magic power from the material. Another kind, like a thicker sort of oil, is native to Persia, and (as I have said)[*](6, 16, above.) is called in that language naphtha.

In these lands are many scattered cities; greater than all the rest are Zombis, Patigran and Gazaca.[*](Called Gaza by Strabo and Pliny, the capital of Atropatene.) Conspicuous for their wealth and their mighty walls are Heraclia, Arsacia, Europos,[*](According to Strabo, xi. 13, 6, Arsacia and Europos were the same city, also called Khaga or Khagae.) Cyropolis and Ecbatana,[*](Cf. Hdt. i. 98; to-day Hamadan.) all situated at the foot of

Many streams flow through this country, of which the greatest are the Choaspes, Gyndes,[*](This river is in Syria, not in Media.) Amardus, Charinda, Cambyses, and Cyrus. To this last, a great and beautiful river, the elder Cyrus, that lovable king, when he was hastening on his way to seize the realms of the Scythians, gave that name in place of its older one, because it is valiant, as he himself also was said to be, and forcing its way with the exercise of great power, as he did, flows into the Caspian Sea.