Memorabilia

Once when talking with the son of the great Pericles, he said: For my part, Pericles, I feel hopeful that, now you have become general, our city will be more efficient and more famous in the art of war, and will defeat our enemies.I could wish, answered Pericles, that it might be as you say, Socrates; but how these changes are to come about I cannot see.Should you like to discuss them with me, then, said Socrates, and consider how they can be brought about?I should.

Do you know then, that in point of numbers the Athenians are not inferior to the Boeotians?Yes, I know.Do you think that the larger number of fine, well-developed men could be selected from among the Boeotians or the Athenians?In that matter too they seem to be at no disadvantage.Which do you think are the more united?The Athenians, I should say, for many of the Boeotians resent the selfish behaviour of the Thebans. At Athens I see nothing of that sort.

And again, the Athenians are more ambitious and more high-minded than other peoples; and these qualities are among the strongest incentives to heroism and patriotic self-sacrifice.Yes, in these respects too the Athenians need not fear criticism.And besides, none have inherited a past more crowded with great deeds; and many are heartened by such a heritage and encouraged to care for virtue and prove their gallantry.All you have said is true, Socrates.

But, you see, since the disasters sustained by Tolmides and the Thousand at Lebadea[*](At the battle of Coronea (or Lebadea) in 446 B.C., the Boeotians defeated and destroyed the Athenian army and gained independence (Thucydides, I. 113).) and by Hippocrates at Delium,[*](The Athenians were heavily defeated by the Boeotians at Delium in 424 B.C. (ibid. IV. 96 f.).) the relations of the Athenians and Boeotians are changed: the glory of the Athenians is brought low, the pride of the Thebans is exalted; and now the Boeotians, who formerly would not venture, even in their own country, to face the Athenians without help from Sparta and the rest of the Peloponnese, threaten to invade Attica by themselves, and the Athenians, who formerly overran Boeotia, fear that the Boeotians may plunder Attica.

Ah, I am aware of that, answered Socrates; but the disposition of our city is now more to a good ruler’s liking. For confidence breeds carelessness, slackness, disobedience: fear makes men more attentive, more obedient, more amenable to discipline. The behaviour of sailors is a case in point.

So long as they have nothing to fear, they are, I believe, an unruly lot, but when they expect a storm or an attack, they not only carry out all orders, but watch in silence for the word of command like choristers.

Well, exclaimed Pericles, if they are now in the mood for obedience, it seems time to say how we can revive in them a longing for the old virtue and fame and happiness.

If then, said Socrates, we wanted them to claim money that others held, the best way of egging them on to seize it would be to show them that it was their fathers’ money and belongs to them. As we want them to strive for pre-eminence in virtue, we must show that this belonged to them in old days, and that by striving for it they will surpass all other men.

How then can we teach this?I think by reminding them that their earliest ancestors of whom we have any account were, as they themselves have been told, the most valiant.

Do you refer to the judgment of the gods,[*](i.e., between Poseidon and Athena for the possession of Attica.) which Cecrops delivered in his court because of his virtue?Yes, and the care and birth of Erectheus,[*](Iliad, II. 547. Ἐρεχθῇος μεγαλήτορος οὕ ποτ᾽ Ἀθήνη θρέψε Διὸς θυγάτηρ, τέκε δὲ ζείδωρος Ἄρουρα.) and the war waged in his day with all the adjacent country, and the war between the sons of Heracles[*](The Athenians claimed that it was through their assistance that the sons of Heracles gained the victory (Herodotus, ix. 27).) and the Peloponnesians, and all the wars waged in the days of Theseus,[*](Against the Amazons and Thracians.) in all of which it is manifest that they were champions among the men of their time.

You may add the victories of their descendants,[*](In the great Persian wars.) who lived not long before our own day: some they gained unaided in their struggle with the lords of all Asia and of Europe as far as Macedonia, the owners of more power and wealth than the world had ever seen, who had wrought deeds that none had equalled; in others they were fellow-champions with the Peloponnesians both on land and sea. These men, like their fathers, are reported to have been far superior to all other men of their time.Yes, that is the report of them.

Therefore, though there have been many migrations in Greece, these continued to dwell in their own land: many referred to them their rival claims, many found a refuge with them from the brutality of the oppressor.