or work on the
legends, antiquities, and history of Attica. According to Suidas (
); his wife was Archestrate ; he was a
contemporary of Eratosthenes, but the latter was an old man, when Philochorus was still young;
he was put to death at the instigation of Antigonus, because he was accused of being
favourable to Ptolemy. But this statement of Suidas is not correct, so far as it relates to
the date of Philochorus, as has been shown by several modern writers. Antigonus Doson died
at the age of eighty, was only fifty-six at the death of the above-mentioned
king : it therefore follows, if we place credit in Suidas, that Philochorus must have been put
to death, when he was still a young man, a fact which is excessively improbable, as well on
account of the very numerous works which he composed, as of the important office which he held
in his native city. We are not, however, left to mere probability, in order to refute Suidas;
for Philochorus himself relates that he held the office of
, in which year he
interpreted a portent that appeared in the Acropolis (Dionys.
100.3); and he must consequently have been of mature age as early as that year. It would
therefore appear that Suidas, with his usual carelessness, reversed the respective ages of
Philochorus and Eratosthenes. The latter part of the account of Suidas, namely that
Philochorus was put to death by Antigonus, there is no reason to question. Suidas says that
the
. Now it was about this time that Antigonus Gonatas took
possession of Athens, which had been abetted in its opposition to the Macedonian king by
Ptolemy Philadelphus; and it would, therefore, appear that Philochorus, who had been in favour
of Philadelphus, was killed shortly afterwards, at the instigation of Gonatas. We may
accordingly safely place the active life of Philochorus from
.
These few facts are all that we know of the life of Philochorus, but they are sufficient to
show that he was a person of some importance at Athens. He seems to have been anxious to
maintain the independence of Athens against the Macedonian kings, but fell a victim in the
attempt.
Works
The following is a list of Philochorus' numerous works, many of which are mentioned only by
Suidas.
1.
ἈτθίςἈτθίς, also called Ἀτθίδες and Ἰστορίαι, consisted of
seventeen books, and related the history of Attica, from the earliest times to the reign of
Antiochus Theos. The first two books treated of the mythical period, and gave a very minute
account of all matters relating to the worship of the gods. The real history of the country
is given in the last fifteen books, of which the first four (iii.--vi.) comprised the period
down to his own time, while the remaining eleven (vii.--xvii.) gave a minute account of the
times in which he lived (B. C. 319-261).
Böckh conjectures, with much probability, that the first six books originally formed a
distinct work, and appeared before the remaining eleven. Philochorus seems to have been a
diligent and accurate writer, and is frequently referred to by the scholiasts,
lexicographers, as well as other later authors. The industry of modern scholars has
collected from these sources one hundred and fifty-five distinct fragments of his work, many
of them of considerable length, and supplying sufficient information to enable us to make
out with tolerable certainty the subjects contained in each book. These fragments are given
in the works referred to at the close of this article. Philochorus paid particular attention
to chronology. From the time that archons succeeded to kings at Athens, he commenced the
history of every year with the name of the archon, and then narrated the events of that
year, so that his work was in the form of annals. It appears from those passages in which
his own words are preserved, that his style was clear and simple.
2.
Ἐπιτομὴ τῆς ἰδίας Ἀτθίδος.Ἐπιτομὴ τῆς ἰδίας Ἀτθίδος. We likewise learn
from Suidas that an epitome of the larger work was also made by Asinius Pollio Trallianus, a
contemporary of Pompeius Magnus (Suid. s. v.
Πωλίων). Vossius has conjectured (De
Histor. Graecis, p. 197, ed. Westermann)., with some probability, that the epitome
which Philochorus was said to have made, was really the work of Pollio, as we
can hardly imagine that the latter would have drawn up an abridgement, when one was already
in existence, compiled by the author himself; but to this it has been replied that Pollio's
epitome was intended for the Romans, while the one made by Philochorus himself was, of
course, designed for the Greeks.
3.
Πρὸς τὴν Δήμωνος ἈτθίδαΠρὸς τὴν Δήμωνος Ἀτθίδα or ἡ πρὸς Δήμωνα ἀντιγραφή (comp. Harpocrat. s.v.
Ἠετιωνία). It is stated by Vossius (ibid. p. 155),
and repeated by subsequent writers, that Philochorus wrote his Atthis against Demon's; but
this is hardly warranted by the words either of Suidas or Harpocration. It would appear only
that Philochorus wrote a separate treatise, under the title given above, to point out the
errors of Demon.
4.
Περὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησι ἀρξάντων ἀπὸ Σωκρατίδου
μέχρι Ἀπολλοδώρου.Περὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησι ἀρξάντων ἀπὸ Σωκρατίδου μέχρι
Ἀπολλοδώρου. Socratides was archon B. C. 374; there
are two archons of the name of Apollodorus, one B. C. 350, the
other B. C. 319; of these the latter is probably the one intended,
because, from the year B. C. 319 began the contemporary portion of
his history. This work appears to have been intended to remove difficulties in the way of
the chronology of that period, and was thus preparatory to his history.
5.
Ὀλυμπιάδες ἐν βιβλίοις β#.Ὀλυμπιάδες ἐν βιβλίοις β#. Philochorus, in his
Atthis, did not use the Olympiads as a reckoning of time; but, as he paid particular
attention to chronology, he drew up this work, probably influenced by the example of
Timaeus.
6.
Περὶ τῆς τετραπόλεωςΠερὶ τῆς τετραπόλεως, that is, the towns of Oenoe,
Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorythus. (Athen. 6.235d.; Suid.
s.v.Τιτανίδα γῆν ; Schol. ad Soph. Oed.
Col. 1102.)
7.
Ἐπιγράμματα ἈττικάἘπιγράμματα Ἀττικά, that is, a collection of
Attic inscriptions, and no doubt chiefly such as served to elucidate the history of Attica.
(Comp. Böckh, Corp. Inscr. vol. i. p. viii.)
8.
ἩπειρωτικάἩπειρωτικά, omitted by Suidas in his list of the
works of Philochorus, but mentioned by the lexicographer in another passage (s. v.Βούχετα ; comp. Strab. vii.
p.379).
9.
Δηλιακά, βιβλία β#.Δηλιακά, βιβλία β#. (Clem. Alex. Admon. ad Gent. pp. 18, d. 30, d. ed. Sylb.)
10.
Περὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησι ἀγῶνων βιβλία
ιζ#.Περὶ τῶν Ἀθήνησι ἀγῶνων βιβλία ιζ#. (Comp.
Krause, Olympia, p. xi.)
11.
Περὶ ἑορτῶνΠερὶ ἑορτῶν omitted by Suidas, but quoted by
Harpocration (s. vv.
Ἁλῶα, Χύτροι).
12.
Περὶ ἡμερῶνΠερὶ ἡμερῶν, also omitted by Suidas. It gave an
account of the sacred days, and explained the reason of their sanctity. (Proclus, ad Hes. Op. 770.)
13.
Περὶ θυσιῶν α#Περὶ θυσιῶν α#, a book of a similar nature to the
preceding, giving an account of sacrifices.
14.
Περὶ μαντικῆς δ#.Περὶ μαντικῆς δ#. In this work Philochorus made a
collection of the ancient oracles, and explained the various modes of Divinatio (Clem. Alex.
Strom. i. p. 334d. Sylb.; Athen.
14.648d.). The mentioned by Suidas as a separate work, was probably only part of the
Περὶ μαντικῆς, since σύμβολα are only a species of divinatio.
15.
Περὶ καθαρμῶνΠερὶ καθαρμῶν, probably contained a collection of
the καθαρμοί, purifications or expiations, which
Musaeus and Orpheus are said to have invented.
16.
Περὶ μυστηρίων τῶν Ἀθήνησι.Περὶ μυστηρίων τῶν Ἀθήνησι.
17.
Περὶ Ἀλκμᾶνος.Περὶ Ἀλκμᾶνος.
18.
Περὶ τῶν Σοφοκλέους μύθων βιβλία
ε#.Περὶ τῶν Σοφοκλέους μύθων βιβλία ε#.
19.
Περὶ ΕὐριπίδουΠερὶ Εὐριπίδου, gave an account of the life of
Euripides, vindicated him from the attacks which had been made against him, and explained
the principles on which his tragedies were constructed. (Suidas, s. v.Εὐριπίδης ;D. L. 2.44, 9.55; Gel. 15.20.)
20.
Συναγωγὴ ἡρωΐδων, ἤτοι Πυθαγορείων
γυναικῶνΣυναγωγὴ ἡρωΐδων, ἤτοι Πυθαγορείων γυναικῶν,
probably gave an account of the lives of the illustrious Pythagorean women, such as Theano,
Melissa, &c.
21.
Ηʼ πρὸς Ἄλυτον ἐπιστολήΗʼ πρὸς Ἄλυτον ἐπιστολή, seems to have related
to some points connected with the worship of the gods. (Phot. Lex. s.
v.Τροπηλίς.)
22.
Ἐπιτομὴ τῆς Διονυσίου πραγματείας περὶ
ἱερᾶν.Ἐπιτομὴ τῆς Διονυσίου πραγματείας περὶ
ἱερᾶν. It is uncertain who this Dionysius was.
23.
Σαλαμῖνος κτίσις.Σαλαμῖνος κτίσις.