<GetPassage xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns="http://chs.harvard.edu/xmlns/cts">
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                <requestUrn>urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1:G.georgius_65</requestUrn>
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                <urn>urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1:G.georgius_65</urn>
                <passage>
                    <TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><text xml:base="urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1"><body xml:lang="eng" n="urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1"><div type="textpart" subtype="alphabetic_letter" n="G"><div type="textpart" subtype="entry" xml:id="georgius-bio-65" n="georgius_65"><head><persName xml:lang="la" xml:id="tlg-2701"><surname full="yes">Geo'rgius</surname><addName full="yes">PISIDA</addName></persName></head><p>44. <hi rend="smallcaps">PISIDA</hi> (the <hi rend="smallcaps">PISIDIAN</hi>). The name of
      this writer occurs in the genitive case, in which it is commonly found, under the various
      forms, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Πισσίδον, Πισίδου, Πισιδίου, Πησίδου, Πησίδη,
       Πισσίδους, Πισίδονς</foreign>: in Latin it is written <hi rend="ital">Pisides</hi> and
       <hi rend="ital">Pisida</hi> He was, as his name indicates, a Pisidian by birth, and
      flourished in the time of the emperor Heraclius (who reigned from <date when-custom="610">A. D.
       610</date> to 641), and of the patriarch Sergius (who occupied the see of Constantinople from
       <date when-custom="610">A. D. 610</date> to 639). In the MSS. of his works he is described as a
      deacon, and <foreign xml:lang="grc">Χαροτοφύλαξ</foreign>, Chartophylax, " record keeper,"
      or <foreign xml:lang="grc">Σκευοφύλαξ</foreign>, Sceuophylax, " keeper of the sacred
      vessels," of the Great Church (that of St. Sophia) at Constantinople. By Nicephorus Callisti
      he is termed " Refendarius" (<foreign xml:lang="grc">Ῥεφενδάριος</foreign> a designation
      not equivalent, as some have supposed, to Chartophylax, but describing a different office. We
      have no means of determining if he held all these offices together or in succession, or if any
      of the titles are incorrectly given, He appears to have accompanied the emperor Heraclius in
      his first expedition Against the Persians, and to have enjoyed the favour both of that emperor
      and of Sergius, but nothing further is known of him.</p><div><head>Works</head><p>The works of George the Pisidian are as follows: --</p><div><head>1. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Εἰς τὴν κατὰ Περσῶν Ἐκστρατείαν Ἡρακλείου τοῦ
         Βασιλέως, ἀκροάσεις τρεῖς</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">De Expeditione Heraclii
         Imperatoris contra Persas Libri tres</title>.</head><p>This work is mentioned by Suidas, and is probably the earliest of the extant works of this
        writer. The three books are written in trimeter iamnbics, and contain 1098 verses. They
        describe the first expedition of Heraelius, whose valour and piety are immoderately praised,
        against the Persians, <date when-custom="622">A. D. 622</date>, when he attacked the frontier of
        Persia, in the neighbourhood of the Taurus. The descriptions of the author lead us to regard
        him as an eye-witness; and the poem was probably written not long after the events he
        records.</p></div><div><head>2. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Πόλεμος Ἀβαρικός</foreign>, or <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἀβαρικά</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Bellum Avaricum,</title> or
         <title xml:lang="la">Avarica</title></head><p>More fully, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Εἰς τὴν γενομένην ἔφοδον τῶν Βαρβαρῶν καὶ
         εἰς τὴν αὐρῶν ἀστυχίαν ἤτοι ἔκθεσις τοῦ ψενομένου πολέμου εἰς τὸ τεῖχος
         τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως μεταξὺ Ἀβάρων καὶ τῶν Πολίτων</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">De invasione facta a barbaris ac de frustrato eorum consilio, sive expositio
         belli quod gestum est ad moenia Constantinopoleos inter Abares et Cives.</title> This poem
        consists of one book of 541 trimeter iambic verses, and describes the attack of the Avars on
        Constantinople, and their repulse and retreat (A. D. 626), while Herachus was absent, and a
        Persian army occupied Chalcedon, opposite Constantinople.</p></div><div><head>3. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἀκάθιστος Ὕμνος</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Hymnus Acathistus</title></head><p>was composed on occasion of the victory over the Avars, commemorated in No. 2. It is
        ascribed to George by his editor Quercius on internal evidence, which cannot, however, be
        regarded as conclusive.</p></div><div><head>4. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Εἰς τὴς ἁγίαν το͂ Χριστον͂ τοῦ Θεον͂ ἡμῶν
         ἀνάστασιν</foreign>
        <title xml:lang="la">In Sanctam Jesu Christi, Dei Nostri, Resurrectionem.</title></head><p>This poem consists of 129 trimeter iambic verses, in which George exhorts Flavius
        Constantine, the son of Heraclius, to emulate the example of his father. It was probably
        written about <date when-custom="627">A. D. 627</date>.</p></div><div><head>5. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Εἰς Ἡράκλειον τὸν Βασιλέα</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">De Heraclio Imperalore</title></head><p>Commonly cited by the title <title xml:lang="grc">Ἡρακλιάς</title>
        <title xml:lang="la">Heraclias,</title> or <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἡρακλιάδος
         Ἀκροάσεις δύω</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Heracliadis Libri Duo.</title> It has the
        second title, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἤτοι εἰς τὴν τέλειαν πτῶσιν Χοσπόου
         Βασιλέως Περσῶν</foreign>
        <title xml:lang="la">sive de Extremeo Chosroae Persarum Regis Eacidio.</title> But this
        title does not correctly describe it, for it takes a hasty survey of the transactions and
        exploits of Heraclius at home and abroad, and only slightly touches on the final overthrow
        of Chosröes. It was perhaps written when the intelligence of that monarch's death first
        reached Constantinople, about the end of <date when-custom="628">A. D. 628</date>, and before the
        return of Heraclius.</p></div><div><head>6. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἑξαήμερον ἤτοι Κοσμουργία</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Opus Sex Dierum seu Mundi Opificium.</title></head><p>This poem consists of 1910 trimeter iambic verses in the edition of Quercius, who restored
        some lines omitted by previous editors. It has been supposed that this work has come down to
        us in a mutilated condition, for Suidas speaks of it as consisting of 3000 verses. But it is
        possible that the text of Suidas is corrupt, and that we should read <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰς ἔπη δισχίλια</foreign>, instead of <foreign xml:lang="grc">τρισχίλια</foreign>. The poem has no appearance of incompleteness. The
         <title>Hexaemeron</title> contains a prayer as if by the patriarch Sergius, for Heraclius
        and his children. The poem was probably written about <date when-custom="629">A. D.
        629</date>.</p></div><div><head>7. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Εἰς τὸν μάταιον Βίον</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">De Vanitate Vitae.</title></head><p>This poem consists of 262 iambic verses, but has no internal mark of the time when it was
        written.</p></div><div><head>8. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Κατὰ Σευήρον</foreign>
        <title xml:lang="la">Contra Severum</title> or <foreign xml:lang="grc">Κατὰ δυσσεβοῦς
         Σευήρον Ἀντιοχείας</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Contra Imperium Severum
         Antiochiae</title></head><p>This poem consists of 731 iambic verses. A passage of Nicephorus Callisti (<title xml:lang="la">Hist. Eccl.</title> 18.48) has been understood as declaring that George wrote
        a poem against Johannes Philoponus, and it has been supposed that Philoponus is aimed at in
        this poem under the name of Severus, while others have supposed that Nicephorus refers to
        the Hexaemeron, and that Philoponus is attacked in that poem under the name of Proclus. But
        the words of Nicephorus do not require us to understand that George wrote against Philoponus
        at all. This poem against Severus contains the passage to which Nicephorus refers, and in
        which the Monophysite <pb n="254"/> opinions which Philoponus held are attacked.</p></div><div><head>9. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἐγκώμιον εἰς τὸν ἅγιον Ἀναστάσιον
         μάρτυρα</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Encomium in Sanctum Anastasium
        Martyrem;</title></head><p>or, more fully, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Βίος καὶ πολιτεία καὶ ἄθληδις τοῦ
         ἁγίου καὶ ἐνδόσου ὁσίον μάρτυρος Ἀναστασίου τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐν
         Πέρσιδι</foreign>, <title xml:lang="la">Vita, Institutum, et Certamen Sancti, Gloriosi,
         et Venerabilis Martyris Anastasii, qui in Perside Martyrium passes est.</title> This piece
        is in prose.</p></div><div><head>10. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Εἰς τὸν ἐν Βλαχέρναις ναὸν</foreign>
        <title xml:lang="la">In Templum Deiparae Constantinopoli in Blachernis situm;</title></head><p>A short poem in iambic verse.</p></div><div><head>Lost works</head><p>These are all the extant works of George; but that he wrote others appears from the
        quotations which are found in ancient writers, and of which a considerable number have been
        collected from the <title xml:lang="la">Chonographia</title> of Theophanes, the
         <title>Lexicon</title> of Suidas, the <title>Compendium</title> of Cedrenus, the
         <title>Historia Ecclesiastica</title> of Nicephorus Callisti, and the
         <title>Commentaries</title> of Isaacius Tzetzes. George is mentioned also by Johannes
        Tzetzes.</p></div><div><head>Works ascribed to George</head><p>Some works known or asserted to be extant have been ascribed to George, but without
        sufficient reason. Usher and others have conjectured that he was the compiler of the
         <title>Chronicon Paschale,</title> but Quercius refutes the supposition. Possevino mentions
        a MS. work of his, <title xml:lang="la">De Gestis Imperatorum
         Constantinopolitanorum;</title> but the supposition of the existence of such a work
        probably originated in a mistake. A MS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna is described by
        Nesselius and Reimannus as <title xml:lang="la">Georgii Pisidae Diaconi et Chartophylacis
         magnae Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae et Cyrilli Monachi Breviarium Chronographicum ex
         Variis Historiis concinnatumn, &amp;c.</title> This MS. is probably the same which Raderus
        mentions as having been read by him. It is a modern MS., probably of the latter part of the
        sixteenth century and an examination of the title of the MS. itself shows that the
        Chronological Compendium is ascribed to Cyril alone. But to the proper title of this work is
        prefixed the inscription <foreign xml:lang="grc">Γεωργίου τοῦ Πισίδου καὶ
         Κυρίλλου</foreign>; an indication, perhaps, that the writer of the Codex intended to
        transcribe some of the works of George. The astronomical poem known as <title xml:lang="la">Empedoclis Sphaera,</title> consisting of 168 iambic verses, has been conjectured to be
        George's; but it has been observed by Fabricius, that the writer speaks in one place like a
        polytheist, while all the known writings of George are distinct expressions of Christian
        belief; and Quercius thinks this objection is decisive. Le Long speaks of Greek Commentaries
        on the Epistles of Paul by George of Pisidia as being extant in the Imperial Library at
        Vienna, but they are not noticed in the catalogues of Lambecius and Reimannus; and it is
        probable that Le Long's statement is erroneous. Some persons have improperly confounded
        George of Pisidia with George of Nicomedeia, who lived two centuries later [<hi rend="smallcaps">GEORGIUS</hi>, No. 36]; and Cave erroneously makes George of Pisidia
        archbishop of Nicomedeia, although he correctly fixes the time in which he lived.</p></div></div><div><head>Assessment</head><p>The versification of George is correct and elegant, and inharmonious verses are very rare.
       He was much admired by the later Byzantine writers, and was very commonly compared with
       Euripides, to whom some.did not hesitate to prefer him. But his poems, however polished, are
       frequently dull, though in the <title>Hexaemeron</title> there are some passages of more
       elevated character.</p></div><div><head>Editions</head><p><bibl>The <title>Hexaemeron</title> and <title>De Vanitate Vitae</title> with such
        fragments as hao been then collected, with a Latin version by Fed. Morel, were first
        published in 4to. Paris, 1584. Some copies of the edition have the date 1585 in the
        title-page.</bibl></p><p><bibl>The <title>Hexaemeron</title> was also published by Brunellus, as a work of Cyril of
        Alexandria, together with some poems of Gregory Nazianzen and other pieces, 8vo. Rome,
        1590.</bibl></p><p><bibl>Both pieces, with the fragments, were reprinted in the appendix to the
         <title>Bibliotheca Patrum</title> of La Bigne, fol. Paris, 1624</bibl>, and <bibl>with the
        version of Morel, and one or two additional fragments, in the Paris edition of the
         <title>Bibliotheca Patrum,</title> fol. 1654, vol. xiv. p. 389, &amp;c.</bibl></p><p><bibl>The Latin version of Morel is in the edition of the <title>Bibliotheca,</title> fol.
        Lyon. 1677, vol. xii. p. 323, &amp;c.</bibl></p><p><bibl>The <title>De Expeditione Imperatoris Heraclii contra Persas,</title> the <title xml:lang="la">Bellum Acaricum,</title> the <title>Hymnus Acathistus,</title> the <title xml:lang="la">In Sanctam Jesu Christi D. N. Resurrectionem,</title> the <title xml:lang="la">Heraclias,</title> the <title>Hexaemeron,</title> the <title>De Vanitate
         Vitae,</title> the <title>Contra Severum,</title> the <title>Encomium in S. Anastasium
         Martyrem,</title> and a much-enlarged collection of fragments, with a valuable preface,
        introductions to the several pieces, a Latin version and notes by Joseph Maria Quercius of
        Florence, were published in the <title>Corporis Historiae Byzantinae Nova Appendix,</title>
        fol. Rome, 1777.</bibl></p><p>The <title>Appendix</title> comprehends also the works of Theodosius Diaconus and Corippus
       Africanus Grammaticus by other editors.</p><p><bibl>The <title>De Expeditione contra Persas,</title>
        <title xml:lang="la">Bellum Avaricem,</title> and <title xml:lang="la">Heraclias</title> are
        edited by Bekker and included in the Bonn reprint of the Byzantine writers.</bibl></p><p><bibl>The little poem <title xml:lang="la">In Templum Deiparae,</title> &amp;c., was
        printed by Ducange in p. 65 of the notes to his <title xml:lang="la">Zonaras,</title> in the
        Paris edition of the Byzantine historians.</bibl><bibl>Bandurius printed it with a Latin version in his <title xml:lang="la">Imperium
         Orientale,</title> lib. vii. p. 177</bibl>; and <bibl>Fabricius, with another Latin
        version, in his <title xml:lang="la">Bibl. Gr.</title> vol. viii. p. 615.</bibl></p></div><div><head>Further Information</head><p>Quercius, ut sup.; Fabric. <hi rend="ital">Bill. Gr.</hi> vol. i. p. 185, vol. vii. pp.
       450, 472, &amp;c., vol. viii. pp. 612, 615; Cave, <hi rend="ital">Hist. Litt.</hi> vol. i. p.
       583.</p></div></div></div></body></text></TEI>
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