Odes

At that timeShortly after the death of Valens, and before the accession of Theodosius; cf. Zos. iv. 26. the salutary and swift efficiency of Julius, commander-in-chief of the troops beyond the Taurus, was conspicuous. For on learning of the ill-fated events in Thrace, by secret letters to their leaders, who were all Romans (a rare case in these times) he gave orders that the Goths who had been admitted before and were scattered through the various cities and camps, should be enticed to come without suspicion into the suburbs in the hope of receiving the pay that had been promised them, and there, as if on the raising of a banner, should all be slain on one and the same day. This prudent plan was carried out without confusion or delay, and thus the eastern provinces were saved from great dangers.

These events, from the principate of the emperor Nerva to the death of Valens, I, a former soldier and a Greek, have set forth to the measure of my ability, without ever (I believe) consciously venturing to debase through silence or through falsehood a work whose aim was the truth. The rest may be written by abler men, who are in the prime of life and learning. But if they chose to undertake such a task, I advise them to forgeFor procudere, cf. xv. 2, 8 (ingenium); xxx. 4, 13 (ora); Horace, Odes, iv. 15, 19. their tongues to the loftier style. The second part, written about 550 in barbarous Latin by another unknown author, under the title Item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera, covers the period from 474 to 526, and deals mainly with the history of Theodoric. The writer was an opponent of Arianism, and he seems to have based his compilation on the Chronicle of Maximianus, bishop of Ravenna in 546, who died in 556. For this part we have, besides B, cod. Vaticanus Palatinus, Lat. n. 927 (P) of the twelfth century, in which the title appears as De adventu Oduachar regis CyrorumApparently for Scyrorum (Scirorum), Exc. § 37. et Erulorum in Italia, et quomodo Rex Theodericus eum fuerit persecutus. The Excerpts as a whole furnish an introduction and a sequel to the narrative of Ammianus.

The Anonymus Valesianus, First Part: The lineage of the Emperor Constantine

Diocletian ruled with HerculiusThis name was conferred on Maximianus by Diocletian. Maximianus for twenty years.

Constantius,Constantius Chlorus, father of Constantine, emperor 305–306. grandson of the brother of that best of emperors Claudius,Claudius II.; his mother was Claudia, daughter of Crispus, brother of Claudius II; cf. Eutr. ix. 22; Hieron. a. Abr. 2307. was first one of the emperor’s bodyguard, then a tribune, and later, governor of Dalmatia.Under the emperor Carus, who wished to make him Caesar in place of his own brother Carinus. With Galerius he was appointed Caesar by DiocletianIn 292. ; for he put away his former wife Helena and married Theodora, daughter of Maximianus, by whom he afterwards had six children,Three sons: Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, and Hannibalianus; and three daughters: Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. brothers of Constantine. But by his former wife Helena he already had a son Constantine, who was later the mightiest of emperors.

This Constantine, then, born of Helena, a mother of very common origin, and brought up in the town of Naissus,In Moesia, on the river Margus; cf. xxi. 10, 5; modern Nis, in Yugoslavia. which he afterwards splendidly adorned, had but slight training in letters.minus = minus iusto, Tillemont iv, p. 132 (Wagner). He was held as a hostage by Diocletian and Galerius,To secure his father’s loyalty. and did valiant service under those emperors in Asia. After the abdication of Diocletian and Herculius,Maximianus (Herculius), in 305. ConstantiusConstantius Chlorus. asked Galerius to return his son; but Galerius first exposed him to many dangers.

For when Constantine, then a young man, was serving in the cavalry against the Sarmatians, he seized by the hair and carried off a fierce savage, and threw him at the feet of the emperor Galerius. Then sent by Galerius through a swamp, he entered it on his horse and made a way for the rest to the Sarmatians, of whom he slew many and won the victory for Galerius.

Then at last Galerius sent him back to his father. But in order to avoid meeting SeverusHe had been appointed Caesar by Galerius; see 3, 5, below. as he passed through Italy, Constantine crossed the Alps with the greatest haste, ordering the post-horses to be killedAt each station, so that his pursuers could not use them; cf. Zos. ii. 8; Ps.-Aur. Vict., Caesares, 40, 2, cum ad frustrandos insequentes publica iumenta quaqua iter egerat interficeret; and for another meaning, Amm. xv. 1, 2. as he went on; and he came up with his father Constantius at Bononia,Boulogne, cf. Amm. xx. 1, 3. which the Gauls formerly called Gesoriacum. But his father Constantius, after winning a victory over the Picts, died at York, and Constantine was unanimously hailed as Caesar by all the troops.

In the meantime, two other Caesars had been appointed,By Galerius. Severus and Maximinus; to Maximinus was given the rule of the Orient; Galerius retained Illyricum for himself, as well as the Thracian provinces and Bithynia; Severus received Italy and whatever Herculius had formerly governed.He had governed Italy and Africa.

But after Constantius died in Britain, and his son Constantine succeeded him, Maxentius, the son of Herculius, was suddenly hailed as emperor by the praetorian soldiers in the city of Rome. By order of Galerius, Severus took the field against Maxentius, but he was suddenly deserted by all his followers and fled to Ravenna. Thereupon Galerius, with a great army, came against Rome, threatening the destruction of the city, and encamped at InteramnaIn Southern Umbria on the river Nar, just below its junction with the Velinus; modern Terni. near the Tiber.