Like instances of this same selfrestraint are found in abundance in Roman generals. Passing these by, since they are no indication of perfect virtue (for not to seize the property of others deserves no praise), I will give one certain indication (among many) of the integrity of the common people of early days. When Marius and Cinna87 B.C. had turned over to the Roman plebeians the rich dwellings of the proscribed to be plundered, the rough spiritof the commons, wont however to respect human misfortunes, so spared what had been gained by the toil of others that no one of the poor or of the lowest class was found who allowed himself, though permission was given him, to handle profits from the woes of his country.Cf. Val. Max. iv. 3, 14. At the time of Sulla’s proscription (82–81 B.C.), the conduct of the commons was different.

Besides this there was a fire of envy in the very marrow of this same emperor, and knowing that most vices are wont to assume the appearance of virtues,Cf. Cicero, , 81 cernenda autem sunt diligenter, nefallant ea nos vitia quae virtutem videntur imitari; Seneca, 45, 7; Juv. xiv. 109. he had ever upon his lips the saying, that malice of severity is the inseparable associate of rightful power. And as men of the highest position always think that everything is allowed them, and they are strongly inclined to suspect those who oppose them and to overthrow better men than themselves, so he hated the well dressed, the learned, the rich, and the high-born; and he depreciated brave men, in order to give the appearance of surpassing all men in good qualities, a fault, as we read, by which the emperor Hadrian was inflamed.See Spartianus, , 15, summed up in 15, 13, non recte suadetis, familiares, qui non patimini me illum doctiorem omnibus credere, qui habet triginta legiones; so also Caligula; see Suet., 35.

This same prince often denounced cowards, calling such men sullied, unclean, and deserving to be thrust down below the humblest estate; and yet he himself, in the presence of empty terrors, sometimes turned abjectly pale and dreaded in his inmost soul something that did not exist at all.

It was the knowledge of this that led Remigius, marshal of the court, when he perceived that the emperor was boiling with anger at something which had occurred, to hint among other things that some outbreaks of the barbarians threatened; and when Valentinian heard this, immediately he was so overcome with fear that he became as calm and mild as Antoninus the GoodI.e., Antoninus Pius; cf. xvi. 1, 4. himself.

He never intentionally chose cruel judges, but if he had learned that Those whomhehad once advancedTo that rank. were acting cruelly, he maintained that he had found men like LycurgusNot the Spartan lawgiver, but a contemporary of Demosthenes; see xxii. 9, 9, note. and Cassius,Cf. xxii. 9, 9, note; and for Cato and Cassius, xxvi. 10, 10. those ancient pillars of justice; and he often urged them in writing to punish even light offences with all severity.

Those in trouble, whom a reverse of fortune had befallen, found no refuge in the kindness of their prince, which has always been a longed-for haven, as it were, for those tossed on a stormy sea. For the purpose of a just rule (as the philosophers teach) is supposed to be the advantage and safety of its subjects.