While he was so arranging these matters, tolerating no slackness in action, his intimates tried to persuade him to attack the neighbouring Goths, who were often deceitful and treacherous; but he replied that he was looking for a better enemy; that for the Goths the Galatian traders were enough, by whom they were offered for sale everywhere without distinction of rank.Cf. Claudian, i. 59, hinc fora venalis Galata ductore frequentat permutatque domos varias (Eutropius), next in the train of a Galatian slave-merchant he stands for sale in many a market and knows many diverse houses (, i. p. 143).

While he was attending to these and similar affairs he gained a reputation among foreign nations for eminence in bravery, sobriety, and knowledge of military affairs, as well as of all noble qualities; and his fame gradually spread and filled the entire world.

Then, since the fear of his coming extended widely over neighbouring and far distant nations, deputations hastened to him from all sides more speedily than usual: on one side, the peoples beyond the Tigris and the Armenians begged for peace; on another, the Indian nations as far as the DiviThe Divi, or Diveni, lived on some island off the west coast of India, the Serendivi probably on the island of Ceylon, called Serandib by the Arabs. Gibbon says that these embassies were not due to Julian’s widespread fame, since they must have thought that Constantius was still ruling. So also Zonaras, xiii. 12. and the Serendivi vied with one another in sending their leading men with gifts ahead of time; on the south, the Moors offered their services to the Roman state; from the north and the desert regions, through which the Phasis flows to the sea, came embassies from the Bosporani and other hitherto unknown peoples, humbly asking that on payment of their annual tributeSee xx. 8, 4, note. they might be allowed to live in peace within the bounds of their native lands.

Now is a fitting time (I think), since the history of a great prince has opportunely brought us to these places, to give some account of the remote parts of Thrace, and of the topography of the Pontic sea, with clearness and accuracy, partly from my own observation and partly from reading.Ammianus’ account is confused and in places inaccurate.

Athos,Modern ʽἱερὸν ῎ορος, Monte Santo. that lofty mountain in Macedonia through which the Medic ships once passed,Under Xerxes; see Hdt. vii. 122. and Caphereus, the headland of EuboeaIts mediæval name was Negroponte and the headland’s Cappo d’Oro. where Nauplius, Looking eastward. father of Palamedes, wrecked the Argive fleet,In order to avenge the death of his son, Nauplius kindled a beacon-fire on the cliff, which misled the Greek fleet and caused its almost utter destruction. although they face each other at a long distance apart, separate the Aegean and the Thessalian seas.This is not accurate, but makes the Aegean too small and the Thessalian sea, more commonly called Mare Thracicum, too large; see Strabo, Mela, and Pliny. The Aegean gradually grows larger, and on the right, where it is of wide extent, is rich in islands through the Sporades and Cyclades, so-called because they are all grouped about Delos, famous as the cradle of the gods.Apollo and Diana. On the left, it washes Imbros and Tenedos, Lemnos and Thasos, and when the wind is strong, dashes violently upon Lesbos.

From there, with back-flowing current,Cf. Hor., , i. 2, 13, retortis violenter undis. it laves the temple of Apollo Sminthius,On Tenedos; i. 38; Strabo, xiii. 1, 46. The god had this epithet from σμίνθος, a kind of field-mouse destructive to the crops, destroyed by Apollo. the Troad, and Ilium, famed for the death of heroes, and forms the bay of Melas,The Bay of Saros, west of the Thracian Chersonese and the Hellespont. facing the west wind, at the entrance of which is seen Abdera, the home of Protagoras and Democritus, and the bloodstained dwelling of the Thracian Diomedes,According to the myth, he fed his horses on human flesh, and was slain by Hercules. and the vales through which the HebrusTo-day the Maritza. flows into it, and Maronea and Aenos,Modern Marogna. The identification of this town with the city founded by Aeneas in Thrace is doubtful, since Homer says that auxiliaries came from there to Ilium, and Apollodorus represents Heracles as landing there on his return from Troy; see Heyne, Excursus to iii. p. 416; and xxviii. 4, 13, below. a city which Aeneas began under unfavourable auspices, but presently abandoned it and hastened on to ancient Ausonia under the guidance of the gods.

After this, the Aegean gradually grows narrower and flows as if by a kind of natural union into the Pontus; and joining with a part of this it takes the form of the Greek letter φ.κυνὸς σῆμα,the dog’s monument, since Hecuba, after the capture of Troy, was said to have been changed into a dog; cf. Ovid, xiii. 399 ff. Then it separates Hellespontus from the province of Rhodopa and flows past Cynossema,Gallipoli. where Hecuba is supposed to be buried, and Coela, Sestos and Callipolis.3 On the opposite side it washes the tombs of Achilles and Ajax, and Dardanus and Abydus, from which Xerxes built a bridge and crossed the sea on foot; then Lampsacus, which the Persian king gave to Themistocles as a gift,See Nepos, 10, 3. and Parion, founded by Paris, the son of lasion.

Then swelling on both sides into the form of a half-circle and giving a view of widely separated lands, it laves with the spreading waters of the Propontis,The Sea of Marmora. on the eastern side CyzicusOn the southern side of the Propontis. and Dindyma,Named from Mt. Dindymus, in Phrygia, near Pessinus. There is another Mt. Dindymus, five miles north of Cyzicus, and, apparently, a town or village called Dindyma. where there is a sacred shrine of the Great Mother,Cybele. and Apamia and Cius, where Hylas was pursued and carried off by the nymph,There is evidently a lacuna here. Lindenbrog suggested ubi Hylam insecuta rapuit nympha. Others refer Hyla to the river near Cius. and Astacus, in a later age called after King Nicomedes.Nicomedia. Where it turns to the westward it beats upon the Cherronesus and Aegospotami, where Anaxagoras predicted a rain of stones from heaven,Cf. Pliny, ii. 149; Strabo, vii. 55 (iii. 377, ). It was also famous as the scene of the last battle of the Peloponnesian war. and Lysimachia and the city which Hercules founded and dedicated to the name of his comrade Perinthus;

and in order to keep the form of the letter φ full and complete, in the very middle of the circle lies the oblong island of Proconesos,See § 4, above, and the note. and Besbicus.This island is a long way to the westward of the middle of the Propontis, and since the length of the two islands is from west to east, they would form a theta, θ, rather than a φ.

After reaching the extreme end of this part,Here the reference clearly is to the whole of the Propontis. it again contracts into a narrow strait, and flowing between Europe and Bithynia, passes by Chalcedon, Chrysopolis,Modern Scutari, opposite Constantinople. and some obscure stations.

Its left bank, however, is looked down upon by the port of Athyras and Selymbria, and Constantinople, the ancient Byzantium, a colony of the Athenians,According to the Eusebian Chronicle, Byzantium was founded by the Megarians in Olymp. 30, 2 (600 B.C.); so also Herodotus (iv. 144), who, however, gives the date as Olym. 26, 2 (616 B.C.). Justin (ix. 1, 2 f.) names the Spartans; Velleius (ii. 7, 7) the Milesians, who were descended from the Athenians. The founding was probably attributed to the Athenians from the time of Constantine from motives of pride and the promontory Ceras, which bears a tower built high and giving light to shipsA pharos, or lighthouse ; therefore a very cold wind which often blows from that quarter is called Ceratas.

After being broken in this fashion and coming to an end through the mingling of the two seas, it now grows quieter and spreads out into the form of a flat of water extending in width and length as far as the eye can reach.The Pontus, or Euxine Sea.

The complete voyage around its shores, as one would encircle an island, is a distance of 23,000Polyb. iv. 39, 1, gives 20,000: Strabo, ii. 5, 22, 25,000; Pliny, iv. 77, says that Varro made it 21,000, and Nepos, 21,350. stadia, as is asserted by Eratosthenes, Hecataeus, Ptolemy, and other very accurate investigators of such problems; and according to the testimony of all geographers it has the form of a drawn Scythian bow.The descriptions of the Scythian bow in the handbooks on antiquities vary, and are sometimes misleading, in particular the comparison with different forms of the Greek sigma. As represented in vases and other works of art, it has, as a general rule, the form of the following cut:

And where the sun rises from the eastern ocean it comes to an end in the marshes of the MaeotisThe Palus Maeotis is on the northern side of the Euxine. ; where it inclines towards the west it is bounded by Roman provinces; where it looks up to the Bears it breeds men of varying languages and habits; on the southern side it slopes downwardThe directions are so uncertain that the meaning is not clear. in a gentle curve.

Over this vast space are scattered cities of the Greeks, all of which, with a few exceptions, were founded at varying periods by the Milesians, who were themselves colonists of the Athenians. The Milesians in much earlier times were established among other Ionians in Asia by Nileus, the son of that Codrus who (they say) sacrificed himself for his country in the Dorian war.Cf. Hdt. v. 76; Val. Max. ii. 6, ext. 1.

Now the tips of the bow on both sides are represented by the two Bospori lying opposite to each other, the ThracianAt Constantinople. and the Cimmerian; and they are called Bospori, as the poets say, because the daughter of Inachus,Io; cf. Ovid, i, 586 ff. A more probable reason is that they were so narrow that an ox could swim across them. Amm. is wrong about the second curve, which extends to the Colchi, while the Cimmerian Bosporus (between the Euxine and the Palus Maeotis) is in the middle of the curve; of. Mela, i. 112, 114; Procop. viii. 6, 14 f. when she was changed into a heifer, once crossed through them to the Ionian sea.

The right-hand curve of the Thracian Bosporus begins with the shore of Bithynia, which the men of old called Mygdonia, containing the provinces of Thynia and Mariandena, and also the Bebrycians, who were delivered from the cruelty of Amycus through the valour of Pollux;Amycus mistreated his subjects and compelled strangers to box with him, until Pollux came with the Argonauts and slew him in fight. and a remote station, a place where the menacing harpies fluttered about the seer Phineus and filled him with fear.Cf. Virg., iii. 212 ff.; Apollod. i. 9, 20; Val. Flacc., iv. 464 ff.; Hygin. 17. Along these shores, which curve into extensive bays, the rivers Sangarius and Phyllis, Lycus and Rheba pour into the sea; opposite them are the dark Symplegades, twin rocks rising on all sides into precipitous cliffs, which were wont in ages past to rush together and dash their huge mass upon each other with awful crash, and then to recoil with a swift spring and return to what they had struck.Like the lightning, it was hardly necessary for them to strike the same object twice; the recoil was rather to be ready for the next thing that passed between them. If even a bird should fly between these swiftly separating and clashing rocks, no speed of wing could save it from being crushed to death.

But these cliffs, ever since the , first of all ships, hastening to Colchis to carry off the golden fleece, had passed between them unharmed, have stood motionless with their force assuaged and so united that no one of those who now look upon them would believe that they had ever been separated, were it not that all the songs of the poets of old agree about the story.See Apollodorus, i. 9, p. 480,

Beyond one part of Bithynia extend the provinces of Pontus and Paphlagonia, in which are the great cities of Heraclea, Sinope, Polemonion and Amisos, as well as Ties and Amastris, all owing their origin to the activity of the Greeks; also Cerasus, from which Lucullus brought the fruits so-named.That is cherries; cf. Pliny, xv. 102. There are also two islands, on which are situated the celebrated cities of Trapezus and Pityus.

Beyond these places is the Acherusian cave, which the natives call Mychopontion,μυχοπόντιον = a nook of the sea. and the port of Acone,From which aconite is said to get its name. besides the rivers Acheron (also called the Arcadius), Iris, Thybris, and hard by, the Parthenius, all of which flow with swift course into the sea. The next river to these is the Thermodon, flowing from Mount Armonius and gliding through the Themiscyraean groves, to which the Amazons were forced to migrate in days of yore for the following reason.