Although these disasters filled the prince with sorrow and anxiety, yet he did not neglect the urgent duties that remained to be done before the longed- for time of battle arrived. All the same, amid such weighty and serious affairs, it did seem superfluous, that with no satisfactory reason for such a measure, but merely from a desire for popularity, he wished to lower the price of commodities;Diocletian had done the same in his edict, although sometimes, when this matter is not properly regulated, it is wont to cause scarcity and famine.

And, although the senate at Antioch clearly pointed out that this could not be done at the time when he ordered it, he in no wise gave up his plan, since he resembled his brother Gallus, though without his cruelty. Therefore raging against them one by one as recalcitrant and stubborn, he composed an invective, which he entitled or ,This work has survived. It means ; see , ii. 420 ff. It is a satire on Julian himself, in which he also scolded the people of Antioch. They made fun of his beard because they them- selves were clean-shaven. Hadrian and his successors wore beards, but Constantine and his successors did not. in which he enumerated in a hostile spirit the faults of the city, including more than were justified. After this, finding that he was the object of many jests, he was forced at the time to disregard them, but was filled with suppressed wrath.

For he was ridiculed as a Cercops,One of a people living in an island near Sicily, changed by Jupiter into apes; Ov., xiv. 91, and Suidas, s.v. κέρκωπες. as a dwarf, spreading his narrow shoulders and displaying a billy-goat’s beard,Cf. xxv. 4, 22. taking mighty strides as if he were the brother of Otus and Ephialtes, whose height Homer describes as enormous.Two giants, the Aloidae; cf. Odyss. xi. 307 ff. He was also called by many a slaughtererThe victimarius slew the animal that was offered up. instead of high-priest, in jesting allusion to his many offerings; and in fact he was fittingly criticised because for the sake of display he improperly took pleasure in carrying the sacred emblems in place of the priests, and in being attended by a company of women. But although he was indignant for these and similar reasons, he held his peace, kept control of his feelings, and continued to celebrate the festivals.

Finally, on a previously appointed festal day, he ascended Mount Casius,In Seleucia, near Antioch. a wooded hill rising on high with a rounded contour, from which at the second cock-crowOne of the divisions of the night; the latter part of the fourth watch; cf. Pliny, v. 80; Mart. Cap. vi., p. 235. the sun is first seen to rise And as he was offering sacrifice to Jove, he suddenly caught sight of a man lying flat upon the ground, and in suppliant words begging for life and pardon. And when Julian asked who he was, the man answered that he was the ex-governor Theodotus of Hierapolis; that when in company with other dignitaries he was escorting Constantius as he set out from his city, he shamefully flattered him, in the belief that he would unquestionably be victorious, begging him with feigned tears and wailing to send them the head of Julian, that ungrateful rebel, just as he remembered that the head of Magnentius had been paraded about.

Upon hearing this, the emperor answered: I heard of this speech of yours long ago from the mouths of many; but go to your home carefree, relieved of all fear by the mercy of your prince, who (as the philosopherSocrates; perhaps referring to the saying quoted by Stobaeus, , πόσῳ μᾶλλον χαριέστερον ἐποίησας, εἰ καὶ τοὑτους (= ἐχθρούς) εἰς φιλίαν μετετρόπωσας. advised) of his own accord and willingly strives to diminish the number of his enemies and increase that of his friends.

When he left there after completing the sacred rites, a letter was presented to him from the governor of Egypt, reporting that after laborious search for a new Apis bull, they had finally, after a time, been able to find one, which (in the belief of the people of that region) is an indication of prosperity, fruitful crops, and various blessings.

About this matter it will be in place to give a brief explanation. Among the animals consecrated by ancient religious observance, the better known are Mnevis and Apis.Cf. Diod. Sic. i. 21, 10; Hdt. iii. 27, 28; Strabo, xvii. 1, 31; Pliny, viii. 184 ff. MnevisOlder than Apis, but later neglected; his shrine was in Heliopolis. is consecrated to the Sun, but about him there is nothing noteworthy to be said; Apis to the moon.Later also to the Sun; Macrob. i. 21, 20. Apis, then, is a bull distinguished by natural marks of various forms,There were twenty-nine in all. and most of all conspicuous for the image of a crescent moon on his right side. When this bull, after its destined span of life,Twenty-five years. is plunged in the sacred fountIts location was a secret known only to the priests. and dies (for it is not lawful for him to prolong his life beyond the time prescribed by the secret authority of the mystic books), there is slain with the same ceremony a cow, which has been found with special marks and presented to him. After his death another Apis is sought amid public mourning; and if it has been possible to find one, complete with all its marks, it is taken to Memphis, famed for the frequent presence of the god Aesculapius.

And when he has been led into the city by a hundred priests and conducted to his chamber, he begins to be an object of worship; and it is said that by manifest signs he gives indications of coming events; and some of those who approach him he evidently rejects by unfavourable signs, as once (so we read)In A.D. 49 in Egypt. Soon after, Plancina, Piso’s wife, was suspected of poisoning him. Cf. Pliny, viii. 185. he turned away from Caesar Germanicus when he offered him food, and thus prophesied what soon after came to pass.

Accordingly, since the occasion seems to demand it, let us touch briefly on matters Egyptian, of which I discoursed at length in connection with the history of the emperors Hadrian and Severus,In lost books. telling for the most part what I myself had seen.

The Egyptian nation is the most ancient of all, except that in antiquity it vies with the Scythians.Cf. Justinus, ii. 1, 5. It is bounded on the southThe account of Ammianus is very confused and inexact. by the Greater Syrtes, the promontories Phycus and Borion, by the GaramantesA nomadic people of Libya. and various other nations. Where it looks directly east it extends to Elephantine and Meroë, cities of the Aethiopians, to the CatadupiAt the cataracts of the Nile. and the Red Sea, and to the Scenitic Arabs, whom we now call the Sercacens.Cf. xiv. 4, 1 ff. On the north it forms part of the boundless tract from which Asia and the provinces of Syria take their beginning. On the west its boundary is the Issiac Sea, which some have called the Parthenian.See xiv. 8, 10, note, and Index I., vol. i.

Now it will be in place to touch briefly on the most helpful of all rivers, the Nile, which Homer calls the Aegyptus,Cf. Odyss. iv. 477. On the Nile and its floods, see Hdt. ii. 19, 20; Diod. Sic. i. 36; Strabo, xvii. 1, 5; Pliny, v. 51 ff. and then to describe other remarkable things to be found in those lands.

The origin of the sources of the Nile (so at least I am wont to think) will be unknown also to future ages, as it has been up to the present. But, since the poets’ tales and dissenting geographers give varying accounts of this unknown subject, I shall succinctly set forth such of their views as in my opinion approach the truth.

Some natural philosophers affirm that in the tracts lying beneath the north, when the cold winters freeze everything, great masses of snow are congealed; that afterwards when these are melted by the heat of the blazing sun, they form clouds filled with flowing moisture, which are then driven towards the south by the Etesian winds,Periodic winds which blow yearly in the dog-days, according to Colum. xi. 2, 56, from August 1 to 30; cf. Pliny, ii. 124; xviii. 270 f. The , forerunners, mentioned below in section 7, begin eight days earlier. and when melted by the excessive warmth, are believed to cause the rich overflow of the Nile.

Others assert that it is by the Aethiopian rains, which are said to fall in abundance in those regions in the season of torrid heat, that its floods are raised at the appointed season of the year; but both these reasons seem to be out of harmony with the truth. For it is reported that in the land of the Aethiopians rains fall either not at all or at long intervals of time.

Another, more widespread opinion is, that when the Prodromoi blow and after them the Etesians for forty-five consecutive days, since they drive back the course of the river and check its speed, it swells with overflowing waves; and while the contrary wind blows against it, it increases more and more, since on the one side the force of the wind hurls it back and on the other the flow of its perennial springs forces it onward; and rising high it covers everything, and hiding the ground, over the low-lying plains it has the appearance of a sea.

But King Juba,The one whom Julius Caesar led in triumph; Octavian later made him his friend and restored his kingdom to him; Pliny, v. 16. relying upon the testimony of Punic books, thinks that the Nile rises in a mountain situated in Mauritania and looking down upon the ocean, and he says that this is proved by the fact that in those marshesThose from which the river flows. are found fishes, plants, and animals like those of the Nile.

But the river, flowing through the regions of Aethiopia, and going under various names, which many nations have given it in its course over the earth, swelling with its rich flood, comes to the cataracts, which are steep rocks, from which it plunges headlong rather than flows; for which reason the Ati, who formerly lived nearby, since their hearing was impaired by the continual roar, were forced to change their abode to a quieter spot.

Flowing more gently from there, through seven mouths, each of which has the appearance of an uninterrupted river, and is equally usable, it empties into the sea without being increased by any tributaries in Egypt. And besides many streams which flow from the main channel and fall into others nearly as great, seven are full of surges and navigable, and to them the ancients gave the following names: the Heracleotic, Sebennytic, Bolbitic, Pathmitic, Mendesian, Tanitic, and Pelusiac.Not all writers give the same names. We have for instance Canopic and Naucratic.

Rising, then, in the quarter which has been mentioned, it passes from the marshesAmmianus seems to accept King Juba’s opinion; cf. section 8, above. as far as the cataracts and forms many islands, some of which (it is said) extend over such wide-spread spaces that the stream hardly leaves each of them behind on the third day.

Of these two are famous, namely Meroë and Delta, the latter clearly so-called from the form of the triangular letter.Greek δ (inverted on our maps). But when the sun has begun to ride through the sign of the Crab, the river increases until it passes into the BalanceThat is, from the summer solstice until the autumnal equinox. ; then, flowing at high water for a hundred days, the river becomes smaller, and as the weight of its waters decreases, it shows the plains that before were navigable for boats now suitable for riders on horseback.