Hence in the books of ritualSee Cic., i. 33, 72; Festus, p. 285 M. and in those which are in conformity with the pontifical priesthood,The pontificales libri of Seneca, 108, 31. nothing is said about the god that causes earthquakes, and this with due caution, for fear that by naming one deity instead of another,The Roman ritual required that in addressing a god, the identity of the god must be made sure and he must be called by his proper name; cf. for example, Horace, ii. 6, 20, Matutine pater, seu lane libentius audis, and the altar at the foot of the Palatine, sei deo sei deivae sacrum. since it is not clear which of them thus shakes the earth, impieties may be perpetrated.

Now earthquakes take place (as the theories state, and among them Aristotle, ii. 8. is perplexed and troubled) either in the tiny recesses of the earth, which in Greek we call σύριγγαι,Subterranean passages. under the excessive pressure of surging waters; or at any rate (as Anaxagoras asserts) through the force of the winds, which penetrate the innermost parts of the earth; for when these strike the solidly cemented walls and find no outlet, they violently shake those stretches of land under which they crept when swollen. Hence it is generally observed that during an earthquake not a breath of wind is felt where we are,But compare the procellae of § 3, above. because the winds are busied in the remotest recesses of the earth.

Anaximander says that when the earth dries up after excessive summer drought, or after soaking rainstorms, great clefts open, through which the upper air enters with excessive violence; and the earth, shaken by the mighty draft of air through these, is stirred from its very foundations. Accordingly such terrible disasters happen either in seasons of stifling heat or after excessive precipitation of water from heaven. And that is why the ancient poets and theologians call Neptune (the power of the watery element) EnnosigaeosEarthshaker, Juv. x. 182 and Sisichthon.Earthquaker, Gell. ii. 28, 1.