Read extracts from the public letters. [The public letters are read.] By what
decree of the senate was this permission given to the deputy? By none. Why did he do
so? He was compelled. Who says this? The whole city. Read the public testimony. [The
public testimony is read.] By the same evidence you see that there was extorted from
the same city in the second year a sum of money in a similar manner, and given to
Sextus Vennonius. But you compel the Amestratines, needy men, after you have sold
their tenths for eight hundred medimni to
Banobalis, a slave of Venus, (just notice the names of the farmers,) to add more
still as a compliment, than they had been sold for, though they had been sold at a
high price. They gave Banobalis eight hundred medimni of wheat, and fifteen hundred sesterces. Surely that man would never have been so senseless, as to
allow more corn to be given out of the domain of the Roman people to a slave of
Venus than to the Roman people itself, unless all that plunder had, under the name
of the slave, come in reality to himself.
The people of Petra, though their tenths
had been sold at a high price, were, very much against their will, compelled to give
thirty-seven thousand sesterces to Publius Naevius
Turpio, a most infamous man, who was convicted of assault while Sacerdos was
praetor. Did you sell the tenths so carelessly, that, when a medimnus cost fifteen sesterces, and
when the tenths were sold for three thousand medimni, that is, for forty-five thousand sesterces, still three thousand sesterces could be given to the farmer as a compliment? “Oh, but I sold
the tenths of that district at a high price” he boasts, forsooth, not that a
compliment was given to Turpio, but that money was taken from the Petrans.
What shall I say next? The Halicyans, the settlers among whom pay tenths,
themselves have their lauds free from taxes. Were not they also compelled to give to
the same Turpio fifteen thousand sesterces, when
their tenths had been sold for a hundred medimni?
If, as you are especially anxious to do, you could prove that these compliments all
went to the farmers, and that none of them reached you, still these sums, taken and
extorted as they were by your violence and injustice, ought to ensure your
conviction; but, as you cannot persuade any one that you were so foolish as to wish
Apronius and Turpio, two slaves, to become rich at your own risk and that of your
children, do you think that any one will doubt that through the instrumentality of
those emissaries all this money was really procured for you?
Again, Symmachus, a slave of Venus, is sent as farmer to Segesta, a city exempt
from such taxes; he brings letters from Verres, to order the cultivators to appear
in a court of some other city than their own, contrary to every resolution of the
senate, to all their rights and privileges, and to the Rupilian law. Hear the
letters which he sent to the Segestans. [The letters of Caius Verres are read.] Now
learn by one bargain made with an honourable and respected man, how this slave of
Venus insulted the cultivators of the soil; for there are other instances of this
sort.
There is a man of the name of Diocles, a citizen of Panormus, surnamed Phimes, an illustrious man,
and of high reputation as an agriculturist, he rented a farm in the Segestan
district, (for there are no traders in that place,) for six thousand sesterces; after having been assaulted by this slave of
Venus, he settled with him to give him sixteen thousand, six hundred, and sixty-four
sesterces. You may learn this from Verres's own
accounts. [The items entered under the name of Diocles of Panormus are read.] Anneius Brocchus also, a
senator, a man of a reputation, and of a virtue with which you are all acquainted,
was compelled to give money also besides corn to this same Symmachus. Was such a
man, a senator of the Roman people, a subject of profit to a slave of Venus, while
you were praetor?
Even if you were not aware that this body excelled all others in dignity, were you
not at least aware of this, that it furnished the judges? Previously, when the
equestrian order furnished the judges, infamous and rapacious magistrates in the
provinces were subservient to the farmers; they honoured all who were in their
employ; every Roman knight whom they saw in the province they pursued with
attentions and courtesies; and that conduct was not so advantageous to the guilty,
as it was a hindrance to many if they had acted in any respect contrary to the
advantage or inclination of that body. This sort of principle was somehow or other
diligently reserved among them as if by common consent, that whoever had thought any
Roman knight deserving of any affront, was to be considered by their whole order as
deserving of every possible misfortune.
Did you so despise the order of senators, did you so reduce everything to the
standard of your own insults and caprices, had you so deliberated and fixed it in
your own mind as an invariable rule, to reject as judges every one who dwelt in
Sicily, or who had been in Sicily while you were praetor, that it never
occurred to you that still you must come before judges of the same order? in whose
minds, even if there were no indignation from any personal injury done to
themselves, still there would be this thought, that they were affronted in the
affront offered to another, and that the dignity of their order was contemptuously
treated and trampled on, which, O judges, appears to me not to be endured with
patience, for insult has in it a sting which modest and virtuous men can with
difficulty put up with.
You have plundered the Sicilians, for indeed the provincials are accustomed to
obtain no revenge amid their wrongs. You have harassed the brokers, for they seldom
come to Rome, and never of their own
accord. You gave up a Roman knight to the ill-treatment of Apronius. To be sure; for
what harm can they do you now, when they cannot be judges? What will you say when
you treat senators also with the greatest violence? what else can you say but this,
“Give me up that senator also, in order that the most honourable name of senator may
appear to exist not only to excite the envy of the ignorant, but also to attract the
insults of the worthless.”
Nor did he do this in the case of Anneius alone, but in the instance of every
senator, so that the name of that order had not so much influence in procuring
honour as insult for its members. In the case of Caius Cassius, a most illustrious
and most gallant man, though he was consul at that very time, in the first year of
his praetorship, he behaved with such injustice, that, as his wife, a woman of the
highest respectability, had lands in Leontini, inherited from her father, he ordered
all her crops to be taken away for tenths. You shall have him as a witness in this
cause, O Verres, since you have taken care not to have him as a judge.
But you, O judges, ought to think that there is some community of interests, some
close connection existing between the members of our body; many offices are imposed
on this our order, many toils, many dangers, not only from the laws and courts of
justice, but also from vague reports, and from the critical character of the times;
so that this order is, as it were, exposed to view, and set on an eminence, in
order, as it seems, to be the more easily caught by every blast of envy. In so
miserable and unfair a condition of life, shall we not retain even the honour of not
appearing vile and contemptible in the eyes of our own magistrates, when we appear
before them to obtain our rights?
The men of Thermae sent agents to purchase the tenths of their district. They
thought it was much better for them, that they should be purchased by their own
state at ever so high a price, than that they should get into the hands of some
emissary of his. A man of the name of Venuleius had been put up to buy them. He did
not cease from bidding. They went on competing with him, as long as the price
appeared such as could by any possibility be borne. At last they gave up bidding.
They are knocked down to Venuleius at eight thousand modii of wheat. Possidorus, the deputy of Thermae, sends notice home.
Although it appeared to every one a most intolerable hardship, still there were
given to Venuleius eight thousand modii of wheat,
and two thousand sesterces besides, not to come
near them. From which it is very evident which part was the wages of the farmer, and
which the booty of the praetor. Give me the letters and testimony of the people of
Thermae. [The accounts of the people of Thermae, and their evidence, are read.]
You compelled the Imacharans after you had taken away all
their corn, after they had been impoverished by your incessant injuries, miserable
and ruined as they were, to pay tribute so as to give Apronius twenty thousand
sesterces. Read the decree about the tributes,
and the public testimony. [The Resolution of the Senate about the tribute to be
paid, is read. [The testimony of the Imacharans is read.] The people of Enna, though the tenths of
the territory of Enna had been sold for
three thousand two hundred medimni, were compelled
to give Apronius eighteen thousand modii of wheat,
and three thousand sesterces. I entreat you to
remark what an enormous quantity of corn is extorted from every district liable to
the payment of tenths; for my speech extends over every city which is so liable. And
I am at present engaged about this class of injuries, O judges, in which it is not a
case of single cultivators being stripped of all their property, but of compliments
being exacted from the public treasury of each city, for the farmers, in order that
at last they may depart from the lands and cities glutted and satiated with this
immense heap of gain.
Why in the third year of your praetorship did you order the Calactans to carry the
tenths of their land, which they had been accustomed to pay at Calacta, to Marcus
Caesius the farmer of Amestratus, a thing which they had never done before you were
praetor, and which you yourself had never ordered in the two years preceding? Why
was Theomnastus the Syracusan sent by you into the district of Mutyca, where he so
harassed the cultivators, that for their second teethe they were unavoidably forced
to buy wheat, because they had actually none of their own, (a thing which I shall
prove happened also in the case of other cities.)
But now, from the agreements made with the people of Hybla, which were made with
the farmer Cnaeus Sergius, you will perceive that six times as much corn as was sown
was exacted of the cultivators Read the accounts of the sowings and the agreements,
extracted from the public registers. Read. [The agreements of the people of Hybla
with Cnaeus Sergius, extracted out of the public registers, are read.] Listen also
to the returns of the sowings, and the agreements of the men of Mena with that slave of Venus. Read them out of the
public registers. [The returns of the Sowings, arid the agreements of the Menans
with the servant of Venus, extracted from the public registers, are read.] Will you,
O judges, endure that a great deal more than has been produced should be exacted
from our allies, from the cultivators of the domain of the Roman people, from those
who are labouring for you, are in your service, who are so eager that the Roman
people should be fed by them, that they only retain for themselves and their
children enough for their actual subsistence, and should be exacted too with the
greatest violence, and the most bitter insults?
I feel, O judges, that I must now set some bounds to the length of my speech, and
that I must avoid wearying you. I will no longer dwell on one kind of injury alone,
and I will leave the other instances out of my speech, though they will still make a
part of my accusation. You shall hear the complaints of the Agregentines, most
gallant, and most industrious men; you shall become acquainted, O judges, with the
sufferings and the injuries of the Entellans, a people of the greatest perseverance
and the greatest industry; the wrongs of the men of Heraclea, and Gela, and
Solentum shall be mentioned: you shall be told of the fields of the Catanians, a
most wealthy people and most friendly to us, ravaged by Apronius: you shall be made
aware that the cities of Tyndaris,
that most noble city, of Cephalaedis, of Halentia, of Apollonia, of Enguina, of Capitia, have been
ruined by the iniquity of these farmers; that actually nothing is left to the
citizens of Ina, of Murgentia, of Assoria, of Elorum, of Enna, and of Ietum; that the people of Cetaria and
Acheria, small cities, are wholly crushed and destroyed; in short, that all the
lands liable to the payment of tenths have been for three years tributary to the
Roman people, to the extent of one tenth of their produce, and to Caius Verres to
the extent of all the rest; that to most of the cultivators nothing at all is left,
that if anything was either remitted to or left to any one, it was only just so much
as remained of that property by which the avarice of that man had bees satiated.
I have reserved the territories of two cities, O judges, to speak of last, the
best and noblest of all, the territory of Aetna and that of Leontini: I will say nothing of the gains made out
of these districts in his three years; I will select one year in order that I more
easily may be able to explain what I have settled to mention. I will take the third
year, because it is both the most recent, and because it has been managed by him in
such a way that, since he knew that he was certainly going to depart, he evidently
did not care if he left behind him not one cultivator of the soil in all Sicily. We will speak of the tenths of the territory
of Aetna and Leontini. Give heed, O judges,
carefully. The lands are fertile; it is the third year;
Apronius is the farmer. I will speak a little of the people of Aetna; for they themselves at the former pleading
spoke in the name of their city. You recollect that Artemidorus of Aetna, the chief of that deputation, said, in the
name of his city, that Apronius had come to Aetna with the slaves of Venus; that he had summoned the magistrates
before him; that he had ordered a couch to be spread for him in the middle of the
forum; that he was accustomed every day to feast not only in public, but at the
public expense; that, when at those feasts the concert began to sound, and slaves
began to serve him with wine in large goblets, then he used to detain the
cultivators of the soil, and not only with injustice, but even with insolence, to
extort, from them whatever quantity of corn he had ordered them to supply.
You heard all these things, O judges, all which I now pass by and leave unnoticed.
I say nothing of the luxury of Apronius, nothing of his insolence, nothing of his
unexampled profligacy and wickedness; I will only speak of the gain and profit made
out of one district in one year, so that you may the more easily be able to form
your conjectures of the whole three years and of the whole of Sicily; but I do not mean to say much about the
people of Aetna, for they have come hither
themselves, they have brought with them their public documents; they have proved to
you what gains were made by that honest man, the intimate friend of the praetor,
Apronius. I pray of you learn this from their own testimony. Read the testimony of
the people of Aetna. [The testimony of the
people of Aetna is read.] What are you saying? Speak, speak, I pray
you, louder, that the Roman people may hear about its revenues, its cultivators of
the soil, its allies, and its friends. “Three hundred thousand medimni; and fifty thousand sesterces.” Oh, the immortal gods! Does one district in one year years
three hundred thousand modii of wheat, and fifty
thousand sesterces besides, as a compliment to
Apronius? Did the tenths sell for so much less than they were really worth? or,
though they had been sold at a sufficiently high price, was such a quantity of corn
and money nevertheless exacted by main force from the cultivators? For whichever of
these you say was the truth, blame and criminality will attach to it.
For you certainly will not say (what I wish you would say) that this quantity
never came to Apronius. So I will hold you here, not only by the public covenants
and letters, but also from the private ones of the cultivators, so as to let you
understand that you were not mere diligent in executing robberies, than I have been
in detecting them. Will you be able to bear this? Will any one defend you? Will
these men be able to endure this, if they are inclined to pronounce a sentence
favourable to you,—that Quintus Apronius, at one visit, out of one district,
(besides all the money which was paid him, and which I have mentioned,) should have
taken three hundred thousand modii of wheat, under
the name of a compliment?
What! are they the men of Aetna alone who
say this? Yes, the Centuripans also, who are in occupation of far the largest part
of the Aetnaean district, to whose ambassadors, most noble men, Andron and Artemon,
their senate gave commissions which had reference to their city in his public
capacity, concerning those injuries which the citizens of Centuripa sustained not in
their own territories, but in those of others. The senate and people of Centuripa
did not choose to send ambassadors; but the Centuripan cultivators of the soil,
which is the greatest body of such men in Sicily, a body of most honourable and most wealthy men, themselves
selected three ambassadors, fellow citizens of their own, in order that by their
evidence you might be made aware of the calamities, not of one district only, but of
almost all Sicily. For the Centuripans are
engaged as cultivators of the soil in almost every part of Sicily. And they are the more important and the more
trustworthy witnesses against you, because, the other cities ore influenced by their
own distresses alone, the Centuripans as they occupy land in almost every district,
have felt the injuries and wrongs of the other cities also.