Δύο γεγόνασι μεταθέσεις βίων ἐπιφανεῖς ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς αἰῶνος, αἳ καὶ δύο διαθῆκαι καλοῦνται, καὶ σεισμοὶ γῆς, διὰ τὸ τοῦ πράγματος περιβόητον· ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰδώλων ἐπὶ τὸν νόμον, ἡ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου πρὸς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον. καὶ τρίτον σεισμὸν εὐαγγελιζόμεθα, τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ τὰ ἐκεῖσε μετάστασιν, τὰ μηκέτι κινούμενα, μηδὲ σαλευόμενα. ταὐτὸν δὲ αἱ δύο διαθῆκαι πεπόνθασι. τί τοῦτο ; οὐκ ἀθρόως μετεκινήθησαν, οὐδὲ ὁμοῦ τῇ πρώτῃ κινήσει τῆς ἐγχειρήσεως. τίνος ἕνεκεν ; εἰδέναι γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον ἵνα μὴ βιασθῶμεν, ἀλλὰ πεισθῶμεν. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀκούσιον οὐδὲ μόνιμον· ὥσπερ ἃ βίᾳ κατέχεται τῶν ῥευμάτων ἢ τῶν φυτῶν· τὸ δὲ ἑκούσιον μονιμώτερόν τε καὶ ἀσφαλέστερον. καὶ τὸ μὲν τοῦ βιασαμένου, τὸ δὲ ἡμέτερον· καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐπιεικείας θεοῦ, τὸ δὲ τυραννικῆς 25. 9 μηδε] μήτε ag ‘duo Reg.’ || 11 ἕνεκεν] ἕνεκα df 1. ἐπικρύψεως] the reticence of the Bible on the subject of the Spirit’s Godhead. ib. σοφοῖς] of course ironical, ‘although you are so wise as to need no instruction.’ 2. ἀναγαγών] ‘going some distance back’; not back over the preargument, but to principles somewhat remote from the conclusion. 25. Two great changes have occurred in the history of religion, when inert passed under the first and second Covenants respectively. In neither case was the change violently made. Like a skilled teacher or physician, God made the new order agreeable by permitting for a while something from the old, until mem were ready to give it up of themselves. 3. μεταθέσεις βίων] He calls two dispensations by this title, because he is about to dwell on the practical difficulties attending such transitions. 4. σεισμοὶ γῆς] The ref. is to Heb. xii 26. 5. διὰ τὸ...περιβόητον] ‘because of the celebrity of the thing,’ cause the change was so great and on such a scale as to compel wide attention. 7. ἐντεῦθεν ... ἐκεῖσε] from the present order to that which is beyond. 9. μήδε’ σαλευόμενα] Heb. xii 28. 10. ἀθρόως] Cp. § 22. 12. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἅκ. οὐδὲ μόνιμον] ‘for what is not voluntary is not lasting either.’ 15. τὸ μὲν τοῦ βίας.] In the one instance, the change would be the work of him who forced it on ; in the other, it is our own. The one kind of change is in keeping with the the considerateness of God ; the other would be a mark of tyrannical power. ἐξουσίς. οὔκουν ᾤετο δεῖν ἄκοντας εὖ ποιεῖν, ἀλλ’ ἑκόντας εὐεργετεῖν. διὰ τοῦτο παιδαγωγικῶς τε καὶ ἰατρικῶς τὸ μὲν ὑφαιρεῖ τῶν πατρίων, τὸ δὲ συγχωρεῖ, μικρόν τι τῶν πρὸς ἡδονὴν ἐνδιδούς· ὥσπερ οἱ ἰατροὶ τοῖς ἀρρωστοῦσιν, ἵνα ἡ φαρμακεία παραδεχθῇ διὰ τῆς τέχνης φαρματτομένη τοῖς χρηστοτέροις. οὐ γὰρ ῥᾴστη τῶν ἐν ἔθει καὶ μακρῷ χρόνῳ τετιμημένων ἡ μετάθεσις. λέγω δὲ τί ; ἡ πρώτη τὰ εἴδωλα περικόψασα τὰς θυσίας συνεχώρησεν· ἡ δευτέρα τὰς θυσίας περιελοῦσα τὴν περιτομὴν οὐκ ἐκώλυσεν· εἶτα ὡς ἅπαξ ἐδέξαντο τὴν ὑφαίρεσιν, καὶ τὸ συγχωρηθὲν συνεχώρησαν· οἱ μὲν τὰς θυσίας, οἱ δὲ τὴν περιτομήν· καὶ γεγόνασιν, ἀντὶ μὲν ἐθνῶν, Ἰουδαῖοι· ἀντὶ δὲ τούτων, Χριστιανοί, ταῖς κατὰ μέρος μεταθέσεσι κλαπέντες ἐπὶ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον. πειθέτω σὲ τοῦτο Παῦλος, ἐκ τοῦ περιτέμνειν καὶ ἁγνίζεσθαι προελθὼν ἐπὶ τὸ λέγειν· Ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι ; ἐκεῖνο τῆς οἰκονομίας, τοῦτο τῆς τελειότητος.

7 μακρω] τῶν μακρῶ b : τὼ μακρῶ def2. τὸ μὲν ὑφαῖρει] ‘like α school- master or physician, He withdraws some parts of the hereditary system, and leaves others as α concession, giving in upon some small points which tend to keep men happy.’5. φαρματτ. τοῖς χρηστ.] ‘being seasoned with something nicer’ than itself. The rhythm of the sentence is in favour of joining διὰ τῆς τέχνης to παραδεχθῇ rather than to φαρμ.6. ῥᾴστη] used as an equivalent to the simple ῥᾳδία.7. μακρῷ χρόνω Cp. ii 14.8. τὰς θυσίας σνεχ.] This, which is the usual patristic view of the legal sacrifices, is well expressed by Cyr. Al. c. Iul. iv p. 126 (Aubert) ; and by Greg, the Great in his letter to Mellitus (Bede Hist. Eccl. i 30).10. ἐδέξαντο τὴν ὑφ.] ‘as soon as they were reconciled to the with- drawal, they conceded the concession that had been made to them.’ It is not clear at what point Gr. means that the Jews ‘conceded’ the sacrifaces. It ought, ace. to the parallelism, to mean when ‘they became Jews instead of heathens,’ as gave up circumcision when they ‘became Christians instead of Jews.’ This, however, would only be of special representatives of the race, like Samuel and other prophets and psalmists, who taught that obedi- ence was better than sacrifice. If Gr. is not thinking of these, we must suppose that the time when they gave up the sacrifices was practically the same as when they gave up circumcision, i.e. not when they first became ‘Jews,’ but when they became Christians.13. κλαπέντες] For the use of κλέπτειν cp. i 2.14. ἐκ τοῦ περιτ. καἰ ἅγν’.] Acts xvi 3, xxi 26.16. ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί] Gal. v. 11. Probably Gr. does not mean that this was an advance in St Paul’s views. He can hardly have failed to know that the Ep. to the Gal. was written before the incident in Acts xxi 26. He only means we see St Paul sometimes acting on the principle of οἰκονομία, i.e. departure from what is absolutely best, out of consideration for the circumstances of others, and sometimes on the principle of τελειότης.

τούτῳ τὸ τῆς θεολογίας εἰκάζειν ἔχω, πλὴν ὅσον ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων. ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τῶν ὑφαιρέσεων ἡ μετάθεσις· ἐνταῦθα δὲ διὰ τῶν προσθηκῶν ἢ τελείωσις. ἔχει γὰρ οὕτως. ἐκήρυσσε φανερῶς ἡ παλαιὰ τὸν πατέρα, τὸν υἱὸν ἀμυδρότερον. ἐφανέρωσεν ἡ καινὴ τὸν υἱόν, ὑπέδειξε τοῦ πνεύματος τὴν θεότητα. ἐμπολιτεύεται νῦν τὸ πνεῦμα, σαφεστέραν ἡμῖν παρέχον τὴν ἑαυτοῦ δήλωσιν. οὐ γὰρ ἦν ἀσφαλές, μήπω τῆς τοῦ πατρὸς θεότητος ὁμολογηθείσης, τὸν υἱὸν ἐκδήλως κηρύττεσθαι· μηδὲ τῆς τοῦ υἱοῦ παραδεχθείσης, τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, ἵν εἴπω τι καὶ τολμηρότερον, ἐπιφορτίζεσθαι· μὴ καθάπερ τροφῆ τῇ ὑπὲρ δύναμιν βαρηθέντες, καὶ ἡλιακῷ φωτὶ σαθροτέραν ἔτι προσβαλόντες τὴν ὄψιν, καὶ εἰς τὸ κατὰ δύναμιν κινδυνεύσωσι· ταῖς δὲ κατὰ μέρος προσθήκαις, καί, ὡς εἶπε Δαβίδ, ἀναβάσεσι, καὶ ἐκ δόξης εἰς δόξαν προόδοις καὶ προκοπαῖς, 26. 13 προσβαλόντες] προσβάλλοντες be : προβαλόντες ‘Or. 1’ 26. So it was with the doctrine of God, except that the successive changes have been in the direction of believing more truths, not fewer. When the doctrine of the Father was well established, that of the Son was revealed, and when that was accepted, then the doctrine of the Spirit. The Spirit Himself came by degrees. Christ Himself revealed Him only by slow advances. 1. τῆς τῆς θεολογίας] ‘the doctrine of God.’ ib. πλὴν ὅσον ἐκ τῶν ἐν.] ‘except that it follows the opposite order.’ The change of practical system consists in dropping things; the doctrinal change consists in learning additional truths. 6. ἐμπολιτεύεται] ‘is resident and active among us.’ Gr. that the Church learns by experience how to interpret the slight indications of the Holy Ghost’s Divinity given by the N.T. It does not follow that he thought doctrinal advance possible in other directions also. 11. ἐπιφορτίζεσθαι] ‘to be piled on the top of it,’ as an additional to be carried. ib. καθάπερ τροφῆ κτλ.] Cp. i 3. 15. ἀναβάσεσι] Ps. lxxxiii 6 (lxxxiv 5). It is prob. that the words ἐκ δυνάμεως εἰς δύναμιν in ν. 8 (7) suggested the ἐκ δόξης εἰς δόξαν which follows (2 Cor. iii 18). ib. προόδοις] Cp. ii 20. τὸ τῆς τριάδος φῶς ἐκλάμψῃ τοῖς λαμπροτέροις. διὰ ταύτην, οἶμαι, τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς κατὰ μέρος ἐπιδημεῖ, τῆ τῶν δεχομένων δυνάμει παραμετρούμενον, ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, μετὰ τὸ πάθος, μετὰ τὴν ἄνοδον, τὰς δυνάμεις ἐπιτελοῦν, ἐμφυσώμενον, ἐν γλώσσαις πυρίναις φαινόμενον. καὶ ὑπὸ Ἰησοῦ κατ’ ὀλίγον ἐκφαίνεται, ὡς ἐπιστήσεις καὶ αὐτὸς ἐντυγχάνων ἐπιμελέστερον· ᾿Ερωτήσω, φησί, τὸν πατέρα, καὶ ἄλλον παράκλητον πέμψει ὑμῖν, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας· ἵνα μὴ ἀντίθεος εἶναι δόξῃ τις, καὶ ὡς ἀπ’ ἄλλης τινὸς ἐξουσίας ποιεῖσθαι τοὺς λόγους. εἶτα, Πέμψει μέν, ἐν δὲ τῷ ὀνόματί μου. τὸ ᾿Ερωτήσω παρείς, τὸ Πέμψει τετήρηκεν. εἶτα, Πέμψω, τὸ οἰκεῖον ἀξίωμα· εἶτα, Ἥξει, ἡ τοῦ πνεύματος ἐξουσία.

Ὁρᾷς φωτισμοὺς κατὰ μέρος ἡμῖν ἐλλάμποντας, 1 εκλαμψη] ἐκλάμψει ab : σαφῶς ἐκλάμπειν ‘Reg. Cypr.’ || 3 παραμετρούμενον] μετρούμενον df || 5 ἐμφυσώμενον] εκφ. cd || 6 ιησου] υἱοῦ ‘Coisl. 2 et sex Colb.’: χρίστου ‘Reg. Cypr.’ || 7 επιστηση b 27. 14 ημιν κατα μέρος b 1. ἐκλάμψῃ τοῖς λ.] On the principle that ‘he that hath, to him shall be given.’ The subjunctive must be explained as depending upon the ἵνα implied in μή. 2. κ. τοῖς μαθηταῖς κ. μ. ἐπ’.] ‘why the Spirit sojourns with the disciples by degrees, dealing Himself out to them in proportion to the capacity of the recipients.’ 3. ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ εὑ.] The two series, of three members each, cor respond. ’In the beginning of the Gospel,’ He ‘performs miracles through the disciples (Luke ix Ι) ‘after the Passion,’ He is ’breathed upon’ the disciples (John χχ 22) ‘after after the going up,’ He ‘revealed Himself in fiery tongues’ (Acts ii 3) The same profectus apostolicus is traced in or. xli 11, and by Gr.’s secretary Jerome ad Hedib. 7. ἐντυγχάνων] ‘perusing’; cp. § 21. The progress in our Lord’s statements about the Holy Ghost is traced in four sayings. ib. ἐρωτήσω] John xiv 16. 9. ἀντίθεος] Cp. iv 5. Jesus might have seemed to be setting Himself up as a kind of rival God, and to speak as if by some independent authority, if He had not in the first instance referred the mission of the Holy Ghost entirely to the Father. 10. εἶτα, Πέμψει μέν] John xiv 26. Here, though the ‘mission’ is still referred to the Father, the Son’s request is dropped, and the Spirit is said to be sent ‘in His name.’ 12. εἶτα, Πέμψω] John xv 26. Here the Son’s personal dignity is revealed, as Himself the sender of the Spirit. Gr. of course is not directly rectly speaking of the Eternal Procession. ib. εἶτα, Ἥξει] John xvi 7 (ἔλθῃ). Here the Spirit’s own freedom brought out. It is a correct and useful observation. καὶ τάξιν θεολογίας, ἢν καὶ ἡμᾶς τηρεῖν ἄμεινον, μήτε ἀθρόως ἐκφαίνοντας, μήτε εἰς τέλος κρύπτοντας. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἄτεχνον, τὸ δὲ ἄθεον· καὶ τὸ μὲν τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους πλῆξαι δυνάμενον, τὸ δὲ ἀλλοτριῶσαι τοὺς ἡμετέρους. ὃ δὲ ἴσως μὲν ἤδη τισὶν ἦλθεν ἐπὶ νοῦν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐγὼ δὲ τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ διανοίας ὑπολαμβάνω καρπόν, προσθήσω τοῖς εἰρημένοις. ἦν τινὰ τῷ σωτῆρι, καὶ εἰ πολλῶν ἐνεπίμπλαντο μαθημάτων, ἃ μὴ δύνασθαι τότε βασταχθῆναι τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἐλέγετο, δι’ ἃς εἶπον ἴσως αἰτίας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο παρεκαλύπτετο· καὶ πάλιν πάντα διδαχθήσεσθαι ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος ἐνδημήσαντος. τούτων ἓν εἶναι νομίζω καὶ αὐτὴν τοῦ πνεύματος τὴν θεότητα, τρανουμένην εἰς ὕστερον, ὡς τηνικαῦτα ὡρίμου καὶ χωρητῆς ἤδη τυγχανούσης τῆς γνώσεως, μετὰ τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ἀποκατάστασιν, οὐκέτι ἀπιστουμένου τῷ θαύματι. τί γὰρ ἂν τούτου μεῖζον ἢ ἐκεῖνος ὑπέσχετο, ἢ τὸ πνεῦμα ἐδίδαξεν ; εἴπερ τι μέγα 2 om τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἄτεχνον τὸ ’δε ἄθεον καὶ b || 5 ἦλθε τισιν ἔπι νοῦν ἤδη d : ἦλθεν ἤδη τισιν ἔπι νοῦν f || 6 ἐμαυτοῦ] ἐμῆς b ‘in nonnull.’ || 9 αιτιας] αἰτίαις a || 11 τούτων] τοῦτον a || 12 eis] + τοῖς ‘Reg. Cypr.’ || 15 απιστομενην] απιστομενην ‘Reg. a’ || τούτου] τοῦτο f1 27. That is still the right method, — not to keep things back, but not to teach them till people are prepared. Perhaps one of the things which the disciples could not bear while Christ was with them, but were to learn afterwards from the Spirit, was this very doctrine of the Spirit’s Godhead. 1. καὶ ἡμᾶς] as well as our Saviour. τάξιν is ace. after δρᾷς, and ἐκφαίνοντας, κρύπτοντας, agree with ἡμᾶς, not with φωτισμούς, ‘you see light shining upon us by degrees, and an order in the revelation of God.’ 2. ἀθρόως] Cp. § 22. 3. ἄτεχνον] ‘unworkmanlike.’ 4. πλῆξαι] to astonish, and so keep them away from us ; ἀλλότρι’· ὦσαι, because they naturally expect to hear the doctrine taught at the proper time. ib. ὃ δὲ ἴσως μὲν κτλ.] ‘I will add, what may perhaps have occurred to others also before now, but what I take to be the result of my independent thought.’ 8. μὴ δύνασθαι βαστ. ] John xvi 12. 9. δι’ ἃς εἶπον ἴ’. αἴτ’.] in § 26. 10. πάντα διδαχθ.] John xiv 26. 12. τρανουμένην] Cp. ii 4. The pres. part, combines the thought of the revelation as then in the future with the fact of its subsequent ac- complishment. 13. ὡρίμου] Cp. iii I. ‘The knowledge then being timely and capable of being received, after our Saviour’s restoration, when He was no longer disbelieved in for wonder.’ Luke xxiv 41. 16. εἴπερ τι μέγα οἴ. χρὴ] ‘if we may call anything which is promised or taught great.’ It implies a of appreciation, greater than we perhaps possess, to determine the degrees of greatness in what God promises or reveals. οἴεσθαι χρή, καὶ θεοῦ μεγαλοπρεπείας ἄξιον, τὸ ὑπισχνούμενον, ἢ τὸ διδασκόμενον.