Παύλῳ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἔκφορα ἦν ἃ παρέσχεν ὁ τρίτος οὐρανός, καὶ ἡ μέχρις ἐκείνου πρόοδος ἢ ἀνάβασις ἢ ἀνάληψις, τάχα ἄν τι περὶ θεοῦ πλέον ἔγνωμεν, εἴπερ τοῦτο ἢν τὸ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς μυστήριον. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἄρρητα ἦν, καὶ ἡμῖν σιωπῇ τιμάσθω. τοσοῦτον δὲ ἀκούσωμεν αὐτοῦ Παύλου λέγοντος, ὅτι ἐκ μέρους γινώσκομεν, καὶ ἐκ μέρους προφητεύομεν. ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ὁμολογεῖ ὁ μὴ ἰδιώτης τὴν γνῶσιν, ὁ δοκιμὴν ἀπειλῶν τοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ 4 συηινομενη] συγγενομένη def: συγγενομένου ‘Or. ’ ǁ 8 κατ’ αυτους] κάτα τούτους ac ‘duo Reg. Or. I’ 20. 11 α παρεσχεν] ἅπερ ἔσχεν d || 15 ακουσωμεν] σομεν f 1. φωνάς] Ezek. i 24, 28; ὁρμάς, i 19 foil.; πράξεις, ii 9. 3. τοῦ ἥγ’. τύπωσις] ‘an impres- sion upon the rational ’ Ἡγμε., i 3. Συγγινομένη by a very natural hyperbaton for νου. 6. οἱ τὰ τ. ἐνεργ] ‘those upon whom such effects are ’ wrought. 8. τῶν κατ’ αὐτούς] ‘those of their sort. ib. ἵστη ἐν ὑποστ.] Jer. xxiii 18. Ὑπόστ. is ‘an establishment’ of some kind; in 2 Sam. xxiii 14 of ‘a garri- son’; in Jer. prob. ‘a court,’ or ‘familiar circle.’ Gr. however curiously misunderstood the word to = ὑπόστασις in the sense of οὐσία (cp. § 9). 20. St Paul only saw through α glass] in α riddle. 11. ἔκφορα] ‘capable of being di- vulged’; cp. Plat. Lack. 201 A ῾Ο τρ. οὐρ., 2 Cor. xii 2. 12. πρόοδος] nom. to ἢν, not to παρέσχεν. He calls it a πρόοδος to signify that it represented a progress in St P.'s spiritual experience, and not merely an incidental privilege. Cp. v 26. 13. etirtp τοῦτο] Gr. will not even admit that we can be sure that St P. thereby became acquainted with the Divine nature. The ἁρπαγῆ was in the strictest sense a μυστήριον. 16. ἐκ μέρους] 1 Cor. xiii 9. 17. μὴ ἰδ’. τὴν γνῶσιν] 2 Cor. xi 6. 18. δοκιμὴν ἀπ.] 2 Cor. xiii 3. λαλοῦντος χριστοῦ, ὁ μέγας τῆς ἀληθείας προαγωνιστὴς καὶ διδάσκαλος· καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν κάτω γνῶσιν οὐδὲν ὑπὲρ τὰ ἔσοπτρα καὶ τὰ αἰνίγματα τίθεται, ὡς ἐν μικροῖς τῆς ἀληθείας ἱσταμένην ἰνδάλμασιν. εἰ δὲ μὴ λίαν δοκῶ τισὶ περιττὸς καὶ περίεργος τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐξετάζων, οὐδὲ ἄλλα τινὰ τυχὸν ἢ ταῦτα ἦν, ἃ μὴ δύναται νῦν βασταχθῆναι, ἅπερ ὁ Λόγος αὐτὸς ὑπῃνίσσετο, ὥς ποτε βασταχθησόμενα καὶ τρανωθησόμενα· καὶ ἃ μηδ’ ἂν αὐτὸν δυνηθῆναι χωρῆσαι τὸν κάτω κόσμον Ἰωάννης ὁ τοῦ Λόγου πρόδρομος ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ἀληθείας φωνή, διωρίζετο.

Πᾶσα μὲν οὖν ἀλήθεια καὶ πᾶς λόγος δυστέκμαρτός τε καὶ δυσθεώρητος· καὶ οἷον ὀργάνῳ μικρῷ μεγάλα δημιουργοῦμεν, τῆ ἀνθρωπτίνῃ σοφίᾳ τὴν τῶν ὄντων γνῶσιν θηρεύοντες, καὶ τοῖς νοητοῖς προσβάλλοντες μετὰ τῶν αἰσθήσεων, ἢ οὐκ ἄνευ αἰσθήσεων, ὑφ’ ὧν περιφερόμεθα καὶ πλανώμεθα, καὶ οὐκ ἔχομεν γυμνῷ τῷ νοὶ γυμνοῖς τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐντυγχάνοντες μᾶλλόν τι προσιέναι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, καὶ τὸν νοῦν τυποῦσθαι ταῖς καταλήψεσιν. ὁ δὲ περὶ θεοῦ λόγος, ὅσῳ τελεώτερος, τοσούτῳ δυσεφικτότερος, καὶ πλείους τὰς ἀντιλήψεις ἔχων καὶ τὰς λύσεις ἐργωδεστέρας. 2 καὶ πάσαν] διὸ καὶ πάσαν e: ο καὶ ‘Reg. a duo Colb.’ || 4 ἱσταμένην] e ǁ 7 om ἅπερ d || ὡς] ισως ‘Reg. Cypr.’ || 8 α] ἅπερ d ΙΙ 9 om κάτω def 21. 14 προσβάλλοντες] προβ. c2 || 15 περιφερομεθα και πλανώμεθα] περιπλανωμεθα καὶ περιφερόμεθα f 3. ἔσοπτρα κ. τ. αἰν.] 1 Cor. xiii 12. 4. ἰνδάλμασιν] ‘figures,’ ‘repre- sentations.’ 5. περιττὸς κ. περίεργ.] Cp. i 1. 7. ὑπῃνίσσετο ‘darkly intimated’; in John xvi 12. 8. τρανωθησόμενα] Cp. § 4. 9. χωρῆσαι τὸν κ.] John xxi 25. By a strange oversight, Gr. confounds the Forerunner with the Divine. φωνή, perh. with ref. to John i 23. 10. διωρίζετο] ‘to define’; so ‘to affirm.’ 21. All abstract ruth is hard to attain with such instruments as we possess, but above all the truth about God. So Solomon and St Panl confessed; and David, who despaired of knowing even himself. 14. προσβάλλοντες] Cp. § 16. Μετὰ τῶν αἰ., cp. §§ 12 § 26. 18. τὸν νοῦν τυπ. τ. κατ.] ‘to have our minds fashioned by what we perceive.’ 19. δυσεφικτ.] ‘harder to come at’ (ἐφικνεῖσθαι). 20. ἀντιλήψεις] From the general notion of ‘catching hold’ of a thing come the opposite meanings of ’helping’ (e.g. 1 Cor. xii 28), and (as here) of ‘objections,’ ‘difficulties.’ Plut. de Def. Orac. (11 438 D) has the expression ὡς ἔχοντα πολλὰς ἀντιλήψεις καὶ ὑπονοίας πρὸς τοὐναντίον. πᾶν γὰρ τὸ ἐνιστάμενον, κἂν βραχύτατον ἦ, τὸν τοῦ λόγου δρόμον ἐπέσχε καὶ διεκώλυσε, καὶ τὴν εἰς τὸ πρόσω φορὰν διέκοψεν· ὥσπερ οἱ τοὺς ἵππους τοῖς ῥυτῆρσιν ἀθρόως μεθέλκοντες φερομένους, καὶ τῷ ἀδοκήτῳ τοῦ τιναγμοῦ περιτρέποντες. οὕτω Σολομὼν μέν, ὁ σοφισάμενος περισσὰ ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς γενομένους ἔμπροσθεν καὶ καθ’ ἑαυτόν, ᾧ τὸ τῆς καρδίας πλάτος δῶρον θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ ψάμμου δαψιλεστέρα χύσις τῆς θεωρίας, ὅσῳ πλέον ἐμβατεύει τοῖς βάθεσι, τοσούτῳ πλέον ἰλιγγιᾷ, καὶ τέλος τι ποιεῖται σοφίας εὑρεῖν ὅσον διέφυγεν. Παῦλος δὲ πειρᾶται μὲν ἐφικέσθαι, οὔπω λέγω τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ φύσεως, τοῦτο γὰρ ᾔδει παντελῶς ἀδύνατον ὄν, ἀλλὰ μόνον τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ κριμάτων· ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐχ εὑρίσκει διέξοδον οὐδὲ στάσιν τῆς ἀναβάσεως, οὐδὲ εἴς τι φανερὸν τελευτᾷ πέρας ἡ πολυπραγμοσύνη τῆς διανοίας, ἀεί τινος ὑποφαινομένου τοῦ λείποντος· ὢ τοῦ θαύματος ἵνα καὶ αὐτὸς πάθω τὸ ἴσον)· ἐκπλήξει περιγράφει τὸν λόγον, καὶ πλοῦτον θεοῦ καὶ 11 οὔπω] + δε e || 12 om ὂν c || μόνον] μόνων c2e ǁ 14 πολυπραγμοσύνη] + τῃ e 1. ἐνιστάμενον] ‘obstruction.’ 2. ἐπέσχε κτλ.] ‘gnomic’ aorists: ‘it lets and hinders.’ 3. ῥυτῆρσιν] ‘reins’: ἀθρόως, suddenly, cp § 2. 5. σοφισάμενος] 1 Kings iv 31 (LXX. 111 Kings iv 27 Swete) ascent never stops,’ i.e. i ἐσοφίσατο virkp π. 6. τοὺς γεν. ἔμπροσθεν] 1 Kings iii 12. Καθ’ ἑαυτόν might be (as in § 19) ‘after his pattern’; but the connexion is in favour of ‘in his time.’ 7. καρδίας πλάτος] 1 Kings iv 29 (iv 25 Swete). Sw. reads χύμα καρδίας; and Gr.'s χύσις directly after seems to show that he read the same, πλάτος being his interpretation. Χύσις, ‘spread,’ ‘expanse.’ 9. ἰλιγγιᾷ] ‘reels.’ ib. τέλος τι π. σοφίας] ‘makes it as it were the end (perfection) of wisdom to find henv far it ὁ περὶ θ. λόγος) has escaped him.’ Gr. refers to such passages as Eccl. vii 23 foll., viii 17, and perh. xii 12 foll. 13. κριμάτων] Rom. xi 33. ib. στάσιν τῆς ἀν.] ‘that the ascent never stops,’ i.e. is endless. 15. ἀεί τινος ὑποφ. τ. λ.] lit. ‘something remaining ever dimly disclosing itself.’ 16. ἴνα κ. αὐτός] By his exclamation, Gr. has dramatically put himself beside St P. 17. περιγράφει τὸν λ.] ‘He concludes his discourse with astonishment.’ βάθος τὸ τοιοῦτο καλεῖ, καὶ ὁμολογεῖ τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ κριμάτων τὸ ἀκατάληπτον, μονονουχὶ τὰ αὐτὰ τῷ Δαβὶδ φθεγγόμενος, ποτὲ μὲν ἄβυσσον πολλὴν ὀνομάζοντι τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ κρίματα, ἦς οὐκ ἔστι τὴν ἕδραν ἢ μέτρῳ ἢ αἰσθήσει λαβεῖν, ποτὲ δὲ τεθαυμαστῶσθαι τὴν γνῶσιν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ συστάσεως λέγοντι, κεκραταιῶσθαί τε πλέον ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ δύναμιν καὶ περίδραξιν.

Ἵνα γὰρ τἄλλα ἐάσας, φησί, πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν βλέψω, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν καὶ σύμπηξιν, τίς ἡ μίξις ἡμῶν; τίς ἡ κίνησις; πῶς τὸ ἀθάνατον τῷ θνητῷ συνεκράθη; πῶς κάτω ῥέω, καὶ ἄνω φέρομαι; πῶς ψυχὴ περιγράφεται; πῶς ζωὴν δίδωσι, καὶ πάθους μεταλαμ- βάνει; πῶς ὁ νοῦς καὶ περιγραπτὸς καὶ ἀόριστος, ἐν ἡμῖν μένων, καὶ πάντα ἐφοδεύων τάχει φορᾶς καὶ ῥεύσεως; πῶς μεταλαμβάνεται λόγῳ καὶ μεταδίδοται, καὶ δι᾿ ἀέρος χωρεῖ, καὶ μετὰ τῶν πραγμάτων εἰσέρχεται; πῶς αἰσθήσει 6 ἑαυτοῦ] αὐτοῦ ce 22. 8 γὰρ] ’δε e || 12 περιγράφεται] περιφέρεται ac 1. τὸ τοιοῦτο] ‘such a thing,’ i.e. the field which his mind surveys. 3. ἄβυσσον π.] Ps. xxxvi 6 (xxxv 7). By ἕδρα Gr. seems to mean the ‘bottom.’ 5. τεθαυμ] Ps. exxxviii (exxxix) 6. ‘That That the knowledge even of his own constitution was too wonderful for him.’ It is possible, however, that Gr. misunderstood the ἐξ to mean that it was the contemplation of his constitution which made the knowledge of God seem overwhelming. 6. κεκρατ.] ibid. ἐκραταιώθη, οὐ μὴ δύνωμαι πρὸς αὐτήν. Περίδρ., ‘grasp.’ 22. Well might David despair; for how marvellous is man's constitutuion,—his birth, his sustenance, his instincts, his continuity, his very organs and the media in which they act, a microcosm in himself. 8. φησι] sc. David. 11. κάτω ῥέω] by decay and death: ἄνω φ., prob. Gr. means by contemveys. ib. ψυχή] without the art., points the contrast between the nature of the soul and its limitations. Περιγράφεται, because confined in the body; 12. ζωὴν δίδ] sc. to the body; and yet it receives from the body a share in its πάθη. 13. ἀόριστος] Though our intelligence works within limits, those limits are themselves capable of indifinite extension. 14. ἐφοδεύων] ‘visiting.’ 15. δι’ ἀέρος χ.] Perh. by means of speech. 16. μετὰ τῶν πρ.] Intelligence ‘enters in with the things us, because we learn by them. is further expressed by αἰσθ. κοιν.; it is ’in partnership with sense,’ though capable of withdrawing itself from the senses. κοινωνεῖ, καὶ συστέλλεται ἀπὸ τῶν αἰσθήσεων; καὶ ἔτι πρὸ τούτων, τίς ἡ πρώτη πλάσις ἡμῶν καὶ σύστασις ἐν τῷ τῆς φύσεως ἐργαστηρίῳ; καὶ τίς ἡ τελευταία μόρφωσις καὶ τελείωσις; τίς ἡ τῆς τροφῆς ἔφεσις καὶ διάδοσις; καὶ τίς ἤγαγεν ἐπὶ τὰς πρώτας πηγὰς καὶ τοῦ ζῆν ἀφορμὰς αὐτομάτως; πῶς σιτίοις μὲν σῶμα, λόγῳ δὲ ψυχὴ τρέφεται; τίς ἡ τῆς φύσεως ὁλκὴ καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα σχέσις τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ τοῖς γέννω μένοις, ἵνα τῷ φίλτρῳ συνέ- χηται; πῶς ἑστηκότα τε τὰ εἴδη καὶ τοῖς χαρακτῆρσι διεστηκότα, ὧν τοσούτων ὄντων αἱ ἰδιότητες ἀνέφικτοι; πῶς τὸ αὐτὸ ζῶον θνητὸν καὶ ἀθάνατον, τὸ μὲν τῇ μεταστάσει, τὸ δὲ τῇ γεννήσει; τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑπεξῆλθε, τὸ δὲ ἀντεισῆλθεν, ὥσπερ ἐν ὁλκῷ ποταμοῦ μὴ ἑστῶτος καὶ μένοντος. πολλὰ δ’ ἂν ἔτι φιλοσοφήσαις περὶ μελῶν καὶ μερῶν, καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἄλληλα τούτων εὐαρμοστίας, πρὸς 2 πλάσις ἤμων καὶ σύστασις] σύστασις ἤμων df || 9 χαρακτῆρσι] + τὰ f ǁ 10 διεστηκότα] + καὶ e ǁ 11 μεταστάσει] μεταποιήσει ‘Reg. Cypr.’ || 14 φιλοσο- φησαις]σπερμολογήσαις b ‘Coisl. 2’ 2. ἐν τῷ τῆς φ. ἐργ.] ‘in nature's laboratory? the mother's womb. 3. τελευταία μ.] ‘the finishing touch,’ sc. before birth. 4. ἔφεσις κ. διάδοσις] the instinct which impels the babe to seek its nourishment, and the provision (lit. ‘distribution’) which supplies the need. 5. ἀφορμάς] ’means’: of course the breast is meant. Αὐτομάτως, ‘instinctively.’ 7. ὁλκὴ] ‘attraction,’ from ἕλκειν. Ἵνα is not used here in a ‘final’ sense. Cp. § 7. 8. ουνέχηται] sc τὰ γεννῶντα κ. τὰ γεννώμενα. 9. etSrj] ’forms.’ How, Gr. asks, is the common form so constant while appearing with such a variety of distinguishing features; and in all that variety the peculiarities of each individual remain untouched, so that no two men are exactly alike? 11. τὸ αὐτὸ ζῶον] ‘animal’ for ‘kind of animal’; as we talk of ’the ’ ’the ’ Gr. is speaking of the deathless persistence of the species, not of the restored existence of the specimen. His wonder is that the type endures. It never passes into another ζῶον. Μετα- στάσει, ‘removal’ by death. 12. ὑπεξῆλθε] gnomic aor. 13. ὁλκῷ] There seems to be no instance of ὁλκός=ὁλκή, which might mean the flow or current of the river. Suidas gives an interpretation ὁδὸς ἢ ἀγωγὸς ῥεύματος, and quotes the phrase rbv ὁλκὸν τοῦ ὕδατος ἔκοψεν. Here then it would mean ‘as in the channel of a river, which (river) never stands still, yet is ever there.’ This is in accordance with the common meaning of ὁ. = sulcus. χρείαν τε ὁμοῦ καὶ κάλλος συνεστώτων τε καὶ διεστώτων, προεχόντων τε καὶ προεχομένων, ἑνουμένων τε καὶ σχιζομένων, περιεχόντων τε καὶ περιεχομένων, νόμῳ καὶ λόγῳ φύσεως. πολλὰ περὶ φωνῶν καὶ ἀκοῶν· πῶς αἱ μὲν φέρονται διὰ τῶν φωνητικῶν ὀργάνων, αἱ δὲ ὑποδέχονται, διὰ τῆς ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ἀέρος πληγῆς καὶ τυπώσεως ἀλλήλαις ἐπιμιγνύμεναι. πολλὰ περὶ ὄψεως ἀρρήτως κοινωνούσης τοῖς ὁρατοῖς, καὶ μόνῳ τῷ βούλεσθαι καὶ ὁμοῦ κινουμένης, καὶ ταὐτὸν τῷ νοὶ πασχούσης· μετὰ γὰρ τοῦ ἴσου τάχους ἐκεῖνός τε μίγνυται τοῖς νοουμένοις καὶ αὕτη τοῖς ὁρωμένοις. πολλὰ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθήσεων, αἳ παραδοχαί τινές εἰσι τῶν ἔξωθεν, λόγῳ μὴ θεωρούμεναι. πολλὰ περὶ τῆς ἐν ὕπνοις ἀναπαύσεως, καὶ τῆς δι’ ὀνειράτων ἀναπλάσεως, μνήμης μὴς τε καὶ ἀναμνήσεως, λογισμοῦ τε καὶ θυμοῦ καὶ ἐφέσεως, καὶ συντόμως εἰπεῖν, ὅσοις ὁ μικρ·ὸς οὗτος κόσμος διοικεῖται, ὁ ἄνθρωπος.

Βούλει σοι καὶ τὰς τῶν ἄλλων ζώων διαφορὰς πρός τε ἡμᾶς καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα, φύσεις τε καὶ γενέσεις καὶ ἀνατροφάς, καὶ χώρας, καὶ ἤθη, καὶ οἷον πολιτείας καταριθ- μήσωμαι; πῶς τὰ μὲν ἀγελαῖα, τὰ δὲ μοναδικά; τὰ μὲν ποηφάγα, τὰ δὲ σαρκοβόρα; τὰ μὲν θυμοειδῆ, τὰ δὲ ἥμερα; τὰ μὲν φιλάνθρωπα καὶ σύντροφα, τὰ δὲ ἀτίθασσα καὶ ἐλεύθερα; καὶ τὰ μὲν οἷον ἐγγύτερα λόγου τε καὶ μαθήσεως, τὰ δὲ παντελῶς ἄλογα καὶ ἀμαθέστατα; τὰ μὲν πλειόνων αἰσθήσεων, τὰ δὲ ἐλαττόνων; τὰ μὲν ἀκίνητα, τὰ δὲ μεταβατικά; τὰ μὲν ταχύτατα, τὰ δὲ παχύτατα; τὰ μὲν ὑπερβάλλοντα μεγέθει καὶ κάλλει ἢ τῷ ἑτέρῳ τούτων, τὰ δὲ βραχύτατα ἢ δυσειδέστατα ἢ καὶ ἀμΦότερα; τὰ μὲν ἄλκιμα, τὰ δὲ ἀσθενῆ; τὰ μὲν ἀμυντικά, τὰ δὲ ὕποπτα καὶ ἐπίβουλα; τὰ μὲν φυλακτά, τὰ δὲ ἀφύλακτα; τὰ μὲν φίλεργα καὶ οἰκονομικά, τὰ δὲ παντάπασιν ἀργὰ καὶ ἀπρονόητα; καὶ ἔτι πρὸ τούτων, πῶς τὰ μὲν ἑρπυστικά, τὰ δὲ ὄρθια; τὰ μὲν φιλόχωρα, τὰ δὲ ἀμΦίβια; τὰ μὲν φιλόκαλα, τὰ δὲ ἀκαλλώπιστα; συζυγῆ τε καὶ ἀζυγῆ; 23. 1 διαΦορας] ἀναστροφὰς ’Reg. a' || 3 καταριθμησωμαι] σομαι df: -σωμεν e || 10 τὰ μὲν ταχύτατα τὰ δε παχυτατα] τὰ μὲν ταχύτατα tantum a: τὰ μὲν παχυτατα tantum b: τὰ ’δε ταχύτατα tantum cdef || 1 1 και] η e || 13 τὰ μὲν αλκιμα] τὰ ’δε αλκ. e ΙΙ τὰ μὲν αμυντικα] τὰ ’δε ἁμ. a || 14 om τὰ μὲν φυλακτὰ bef || 16 ερπιστικα ab: ερπηστικα def || 17 τὰ μὲν φιλόχωρα, τὰ ’δε φίλ’. c 23. Hcnv wonderful the variety of the beasts! 6. ἀτίθασσα] or ἀτίθασα, ἵκοι disposed to be tamed'; ἐλεύθερα, cp. Job xxxix 5. 17. Φιλόχωρα] ‘attached to a place'; it seems an imperfect antithesis to ἀμφίβια, but prob. Gr. means that the latter class are so little attached to a place that they are indifferent even to an element. 18. φιλόκαλα] Gr. seems to be anticipating what he says in § 24 about the peacock; it would not be easy to point to a quadruped which is markedly φιλόκαλον unless Gr. refers to such things as the way in which a cat washes itself. Isocrates advises a man to be φιλόκαλος in regard to his dress, but not καλλωπιστής, which he says would be περίεργον. Ἀκαλ- λώπ. cannot mean ‘unadorned, which would be no antithesis to Φιλόκ., but ‘not given to adorning themselves.’ σώφρονά τε καὶ ἀκόλαστα; πολύγονά τε καὶ οὐ πολύΥονα; μακρόβιά τε καὶ ὀλιγόβια; κάμνοι ἃν ἡμῖν ὁ τοῖς κατὰ μέρος ἐπεξιών.