A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology

(Τατιανός), a Christian writer of the second century, was born, according to his own statement (Orat. ad Graecos, sub fin.) in Assyria, and was educated in the religion and philosophy of the Greeks. (ibid.) Clement of Alexandria (Strom. lib. iii. c. 12.81, ed Klotz. Lips. 1831), Epiphanius, in the body of his work (Haeres. xlvi.), and Theodoret (Haeret. Fabul. Compendium, lib. 1. c.20), call him "the Syrian," or " a Syrian by race ;" but Epiphanius, in another place (ad v. Haeres. Indicul. ad lib. i. vol. iii.), followed by Joannes Damascenus (De Haeresib. apud Coteler. Eccles. Graec. Monum vol. i. p. 292). says he was a Mesopotamian; a statement which is adopted by Cave and some other moderns. Tatian's own authority would of course be decisive, were it not for the vagueness with which the names Assyria and

Syria are used by the ancients; however, we think it most probable that by " the land of the Assyrians" (ʼἐν τῇ τῶν Ἀσσυρἰων γῇ) Tatian means the country east of the Tigris; but his mode of expression affords some ground to think that though born in the land of Assyria, he was not of Assyrian race; and his name has some appearance of being Roman. He appears to have followed the profession of a sophist, or teacher of rhetoric; and he was perhaps a teacher of philosophy also (comp. Tatian. Orat. ad Graec. c. ii. and lvi.; Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 4.16; Hieron. De Viris Illustr. c. 29; Theodoret. l.c.), though Valesius (Not. in Euseb. l.c.) contends earnestly against the supposition. He certainly acquired a considerable knowledge of Greek literature. He travelled over many countries, and appears to have been engaged in a variety of pursuits (τέχναις καὶ ἐπινοίαις ἐγκυρήσας πολλαῖς, Orat. ad Graec. c. lvi.) until, at last, he cane to Rome. He had probably imbibed the doctrines of the Platonic philosophy (comp. Oral. ad Graec. c. xix. and Worth's note in loc.), but he was dissatisfied with the hollowness of the professions of the philosophers of his day, and disgusted with the cruelty and impurity of the worship both of the Greeks and Romans (Orat. ad Graec. cc. xliii--xlvi.); and his mind was anxiously longing for something more ennobling, when he met with the Scriptures of the Old Testament. By the perusal of these, his conversion to Christianity was effected. Whether his connection with Justin Martyr, of whom, according to the testimony of Irenaeus (Adv. Haeres. lib. 1. c.31), Epiphanius (Hacres. xlvi.), Jerome (l.c.), Philastrius (De Haeres. 100.48), and Theodoret (l.c.), he was the hearer or disciple, was previous to his conversion or subsequent to it, is not clear.

During Justin's life, Tatian remained in connection with the Catholic church; but after Justin's death he embraced views of a Gnostic character, with which probably the notions imbibed during his early residence in the East disposed him to sympathize. Whether he had been previously restrained by the influence of Justin from embracing those views, is not clear, though Irenaeus, Jerome, and Epiphanius seem to intimate that he had. He appears to have remained for a time after Justin's death in communion with the church. Tillemont thinks that after Justin's death many of his disciples, among them Rhodon [RHODON] placed themselves under Tatian's instruction; but though Rhodon himself (apud Euseb. Hist. Eccl. 5.13) states that he was a disciple of Tatian, it does not follow that this was after Justin's death. Like Justin, Tatian engaged in controversies with the philosophers of his day, attacking them on the corruptions of heathenism, and pointing out the superiority of the Jewish and Christian religions. He was involved in a dispute with the Cynie Crescens [CRESCENS], whom he charges with having plotted his death, as well as that of Justin. [JUSTINUS, No. 1.]

His embracing, at least his avowal of his heretical opinions, was apparently not very long after Justin's death, otherwise we cannot account for the general impression that he had been kept from heresy by Justin's influence. He does not appear to have broached his obnoxious sentiments at Rome. According to Epiphanius. he returned into the East, and there imbibed and promulgated them. The statement of Epiphanius (l.c.), followed by Josephus [[JOSEPHUS, No. 12] in his Hypomnesticon. that they were broached in Mesopotamia, leads to the conclusion that Tatian settled in that province; but when he further states that they were embraced by some persons at Antioch, the capital of Syria, and spread from thence into Cilicia and Pisidia, we cannot determine whether this was through the personal exertions and teaching of Tatian, or whether through some of his disciples. We have no further account of him; and neither the time nor place of his death is known. In fact, the chronology of his whole life is uncertain ; we only know that he was contemporary with Justin, and was at Rome before and at the time of that martyr's death, the date of which, as we have shown elsewhere [JUSTINUS, No. 1], is by no means determined, but may be probably fixed in or near A. D. 166 or 167.

The followers of Tatian constituted a sect, designated from him Tatiani. (Epiphan. Haeres. xivi. ; Augustin. Haeres. xxv.) They appear to have been nearly identical with the Encratitae (the name is variously written Ἐγκρατεῖς Irenaeus, Adv. Haeres. lib. 1. c.30, Ἐγκρατῖται, Epiphau, Haeres. xlvii.; or Ἐγκρατηταί, Clem. Alex. Strom. lib. 1. c.15, Paedagog. lib. 2. c.2) and with the Severiani, who derived their name from Severns, a contemporary of Tatian. [SEVERUS, Greek, literary and ecclesiastical, No. 3.] These seets were also known by the name of Ὑδροπαραστάται, " Hydroparastatae," or " Offerers of water," from their use of water in the Encharist. From this last peculiarity they were called by some of the Latin fathers (Augustin. Haeres. lxiv.; Philastrius, Haeres. lxxvii.) " Aquarii." Tillemont has collected a number of other names which he supposes to have been given them. The tenets of the Tatiani and Encratitae and Severiani, whether these names de-note one sect, or different, but kindred sects, par-took of the usual character of the Gnostic body to which they belonged. Tatian held the doctrine of Aeons, which he is said to have derived from Valentinus or Marcion (Philastrius, Haeres. xlviii.), and to have given further development to it. He distinguished the Demiurgus, the Creator of the world and giver of the Mosaic law, from the Supreme and Benignant God, from whom the Gospel came. Epiphanius (a not very trustworthy authority), ascribes to the Severiani the belief that be-side the Suprenme Being there was " a great ruler of the powers" named Ἰαλδαβαώθ " Ialdabaoth," or Σαβαώθ, " Sabaoth" (an obvious corruption of the " Jehovab-Sabaoth" of the Jewish Scriptures), of whom ὁ Διάβολος, " the devil," was the son ; and that the devil, being by the Supreme God cast down to the earth in the firm of a serpent, produced the vine, the tendrils of which indicated their origin by their serpent-like form: they ascribed also to the devil the formation of woman, and of the lower part of the man. The " ruler of the powers," Ialdahaoth, is apparently the Demiurgus of Tatian; but how far the other opinions described were held by him is not clear; it is, however, remarkable that ie and his followers abstained from wine and animal food, and condemned marriage. But what especially shocked the piety land charity of the Catholics was Tatian's affirming the damnation of Adam, a " blasphemy" which is said to have originated with him, and drew upon him especial odium.

The sects of the Tatiani and Severiani are said by Epiphanius to have been nearly extinct in his

time: but this can hardly mean more than that the names had gone into disuse; for the Encratitae, whom we take to have been substantially the same, were still numerous in Pisidia, the Torrid Phrygia (τῇ Κεκαυμένῃ), and other districts of Asia Minor.

Tatian is said to have rejected some of St. Paul's Epistles (Hieronym. Proöem. in Comment. in Titum), but to have received others. He also received, but not without mutilation, the four Gospels. (Irenaeus, l.c. and 100.31; Clem. Alex. l.c. and Fragmenta Propheticor. selecta, 100.38; Origen, De Oratione, p. 77, ed. Oxford; Hieronym. De Viris Illustr. c. 17, alibi; Epiphanius, Augustin, Philasstrius, ll. cc. ; Tertullian, or rather his anonymous continuator, De Praescript. Haereticor. 100.52; Theodoret. Haeretic. Fabul. Compend. lib. 1. c.20; Chron. Paschale, p. 260, ed. Paris, p. 486, ed. Bonn; comp. Neander, Church History (by Rose), vol. ii. p. 10.9.)

[J.C.M]