Res Rustica
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus
Columella. On agriculture, Volume 1-2. Ash, Harrison Boyd; Foster, Edward Seymour; Heffner, Edward H., editors. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1941.
Nam duas regulas eius latitudinis, qua [*]()pastinator sulcum facturus est, in speciem Graecae litterae X [*]()decussavimus, [*]()atque ita mediae parti, qua regulae committuntur, antiquam illam ciconiam infiximus, ut tamquam suppositae basi ad perpendiculum normata insisteret; deinde transversae, quae est in [*](priore codd., superiore edd. ) [*](monendo om. SA, vett. edd.: movendo ac. ) [*](qua om. SAac. ) [*](greeae ehi littere (X in marg.) S: X om. AacM. ) [*](decusabimus SAac: densavimus M. a II. 2. 25, 4. 3. b "Middle " as the meaning here of latus (side) is defended by Gesner and accepted generally by other commentators. c This measuring device is not mentioned by other writers, though Isidore (Orig. XX. 15. 3) says that the Spaniards gave the name ciconia to a well sweep (tolleno) because the motion of the sweep, in drawing water, resembled the actions of the stork. Palladius (II. 10. 4) speaks of the use of the virga alone as a measure of the depth of trenched ground. It appears that the ancient ciconia here mentioned was in the form of the letter T, standing, like a stork, on one leg; though )
Nam stella, quam diximus Graecae litterae faciem obtinere, pariter imae fossae solum metitur atque perlibrat, quia sive pronum seu resupinum est, positione machinae deprehenditur; quippe praedictae virgulae superposita libella alterutrum ostendit nec patitur exactorem operis decipi. Sic permensum et perlibratum opus in similitudinem vervacti semper procedit; tantumque spatii linea promota occupatur quantum effosus [*]()sulcus longitudinis ac latitudinis obtinet. Atque id genus praeparandi soli probatissimum est.
Sequitur opus vineae conserendae, quae vel vere vel autumno tempestive deponitur: vere melius, si aut pluvius aut frigidus status caeli est, aut ager pinguis, aut campestris et uliginosa planities; rursus autumno, si sicca, si calida est aeris qualitas, si exilis atque aridus campus, si macer praeruptusve collis. Vernaeque positionis dies fere quadraginta sunt ab Idibus Februariis usque in aequinoctium; rursus autumnalis ab Idibus Octob. in Kalendas Decembres.
Sationis autem duo genera, malleoli vel viviradicis, quod utrumque ab agricolis usurpatur; et in provinciis magis malleoli, neque enim seminariis student [*](supposuimus ac. ) [*](deducit S1AcM, et omnes ante Gesn. ) [*](et fusus SAac: effusus M. a The line and plummet, sometimes suspended from the apex of a triangular frame, formed a simple level (libella). b I.e., the new land, when so trenched in successive strips of the same dimensions, comes gradually to resemble a field that is kept in cultivation, though temporarily out of production. )
quoniam plurimis dotibus praestat viviradix: nam minus interit, cum et calorem et frigus, ceterasque tempestates propter firmitatem facilius sustineat; deinde adolescit maturius. Ex quo [*]()evenit ut celerius quoque sit tempestiva edendis fructibus; tum etiam nihil dubium est saepius [*]()translatam.[*]()Potest tamen malleolus protinus in vicem viviradicis conseri soluta et facili terra; ceterum densa et gravis utique vitem desiderat.