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                <urn>urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1:T.tzetzes_1</urn>
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                    <TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><text xml:base="urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1"><body xml:lang="eng" n="urn:cts:pdlrefwk:viaf88890045.003.perseus-eng1"><div type="textpart" subtype="alphabetic_letter" n="T"><div type="textpart" subtype="entry" xml:id="tzetzes-bio-1" n="tzetzes_1"><head><persName xml:lang="la"><forename full="yes">Joannes</forename><surname full="yes">Tzetzes</surname></persName></head><p>1. <hi rend="smallcaps">JOANNES</hi> (<foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἰωάννης
       Τζέτζης</foreign>), a Greek grammarian of Constantinople.</p><p>The period when he flourished may be gathered from his own statement, that he wrote one
      hundred years after Michael Psellus (<hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 11.719), and from the fact
      that he dedicated his Homeric Allegories to <pb n="1200"/> Irene Augusta, the wife of Manuel
      Comnenus. who died <date when-custom="11">A. D. 11</date> 58. The father of Joannes Tzetzes was
      Michael Tzetzes. His another's name was Endocia (<hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 5.611). He was
      himself named after his paternal grandfather, a native of Byzantium. a man of some wealth,
      who, though not a learned man, showed great respect for scholars (<hi rend="ital">ib.</hi>
      615). His maternal grandmother was of a Basque or Iberian family. The earlier part of his life
      he spent with his brother Isaac at home, where they received various wholesome precepts from
      their father, urging them to prefer learning to riches, power, or precedence. (<hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 3.157, 4.566, &amp;c.) At the age of fifteen he was placed under the instruction
      of tutors, who not only carried him through the usual routine of study, but taught him Hebrew
      and Syriac (comp. <hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 6.282).</p><p>His writings bear evident traces of the extent of his acquirements in literature, science,
      and philosophy, and not less of the inordinate self-conceit with which they had filled him. He
      boasts of having the best memory of any living man. (<hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 1.275, 545.)
      He styles himself a second Cato or Palamedes (3.160); and says that he knows whole books off
      by heart (10.681, comp. 6.407. 475, 8.182, 9.752, 10.340, 364, 12.13, 118, <foreign xml:lang="grc">καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα ἕτερα ἐθέλοι τις μανθάνειν</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">εἰ ἀπὸ στήθους οἴδαμεν λέγειν πειράσθω</foreign>). Another subject
      on which he glorifies himself is the rapidity with which he could write, comparing it to the
      speed of lightning (12.119, 8.269, 526, <foreign xml:lang="grc">καὶ νόει τὸ ὀξύτατον
       τῆς Τζέτζου διανοίας</foreign>). He talks of <foreign xml:lang="grc">Τζετζικὰς
       ἐρεύνας</foreign>, as models of investigation, <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐν αἷσπερ ἡ
       ἀλήθεια ἐκ χάους ἀνατρεχει</foreign> (12.75, 126). It is not much to be wondered at that
      others had not so exalted an opinion of him as he had of himself (12.97). The neglect of his
      fellow-countrymen even excites in him the fear that Constantinople would be given up to the
      barbarians, and become itself barbarous (12.993, &amp;c.). He complains with bitterness that
      the princes and great men of his age did not appreciate his merits. but left him to get a
      livelihood by transcribing and selling his writings, of which they nevertheless expected
      copies to be sent them gratis (5.941, comp. 9.369). He speaks of Irene Augusta as the only
      person of high station from whom he had received any thing (11.48), and even in this instance
      he complains that the sums promised him for his Homeric Allegories were kept back by those who
      should have paid him (9.282, &amp;c.). Further biographical particulars have not come down to
      us.</p><div><head>Works</head><p>A large part of the voluminous writings of Tzetzes is still extant. The following have been
       published.</p><div><head>1. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἰλιακά</foreign>.</head><p>This consists properly of three poems, collected in one under the titles <foreign xml:lang="grc">Τὰ πρὸ Ὁμήρου</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">τὰ
         Ὁμήρου</foreign>, <foreign xml:lang="grc">καὶ τὰ μεθ̓ Ὅμηρον</foreign>. The first
        contains the whole Iliac cyclus. from the birth of Paris to the tenth year of the siege.
        when the <title>Iliad</title> begins. The second consists of an abridgment of the
         <title>Iliad</title>. The third, like the work of Quintus Smyrnaeus, is devoted to the
        occurrences which took place. between the death of Hector and the return of the Greeks. The
        whole amounts to 1676 lines, and is written in hexameter metre. It is a very dull
        composition, all the merits that are to be found in which should be ascribed to the earlier
        poets from whom Tzetzes derived his materials. Our knowledge of this composition is of
        comparatively recent date. A fragment of one hundred and forty-eight lines, from the
        Antehomerica, was published by F. Morel, under the title <title>Iliacum carmen Poetae Graeci
         cujus nomen ignoratur.</title> A fragment of twenty lines from the Posthomerica was
        published by Dodwell in his <title xml:lang="la">Dissertationes de veteribus Graecis et
         Romanis Cyclis,</title> p. 802. In 1770 G. B. von Schirach published from a manuscript
        formerly at Augsburg, now at Munich, the whole of the Antehomerica, with the exception of
        about one hundred and seventy lines, a portion of the Homerica, and the fragment of the
        Posthomerica which had been published by Dodwell. The missing portion of the Antehomerica,
        together with the whole of the Posthomerica, was found in a manuscript at Vienna by T. C.
        Tychsen, who sent a copy of it to F. Jacobs. A copy of a manual script of the Homerica was
        obtained from England, and a complete edition of the three poems was published by Jacobs in
        1793, with a commentary. A more correct edition is that of Immanuel Bekker (Berlin,
        1816).</p></div><div><head>2. <title xml:lang="la">Chiliades</title></head><p>Another extensive work of Tzetzes is that known by the name of <title xml:lang="la">Chiliades</title>, consisting in its present form of 12,661 lines. The name <title xml:lang="la">Chiliades</title> was given to it by the first editor, Nic. Gerbelius, who
        divided it, without reference to the contents, into thirteen divisions of 1000 lines, the
        last being incomplete. Tzetzes himself called it <foreign xml:lang="grc">βίβλος
         ἱστορική</foreign>, and divided it into three <foreign xml:lang="grc">πίνακες</foreign>, as he termed them; the first of which contains one hundred and
        forty-one narrations, and ends at <hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 4.1. 466. Hereupon follows an
        epistle to one Joannes Lachanes, in which the contents of the first table are repeated and
        accompanied with moral observations. The second <foreign xml:lang="grc">πίναξ</foreign>
        extends from <hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 4.1. 781 to <hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 5.192, and
        contains twenty-three narratives. The third contains four hundred and ninety-six stories. It
        consists of six hundred and sixty chapters or divisions, separated into three masses. Its
        subject-matter is of the most miscellaneous kind, but embraces chiefly mythological and
        historical narratives, arranged under separate titles, and without any further connection.
        The following are a few of them, as they occur : Croesus, Midas, Gyges, Codrus, Alcmaeon,
        the sons of Boreas, Euphorbus, Narcissus, Nireus, Hyacinthus, Orpheus, Amphion, the Sirens,
        Marsyas, Terpander, Arion, the golden lamb of Atreus, the bull of Minos, the dog of
        Cephalus, Megacles, Cimon, Aristopatira, the victories of Simonides, Stesichorus, Tyrtaeus,
        Hannibal, Bucephalus, the clothes of the Sybarite Antisthenes, Xerxes, Cleopatra, the Pharos
        at Alexandria, Trajanus and his bridge over the Danube, Archimedes, Hercules, &amp;c.</p><p>It is an uncritical gossiping book, written in bad Greek in that abominable make-believe
        of a metre, called <hi rend="ital">political verse</hi> (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ἡμαζευηένοι στίχοι</foreign>, <hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 9.283), of which the following
        is a sample : -- <quote xml:lang="grc" rend="blockquote"><l>οἶδας δὲ πάντως ἀκριβῶς
          πῶς πᾶσαν οἶδα βίβλον</l><l>ἐκ στήθους τε καὶ στόματος οὕτως ἑτοίμως λέγειν,</l><l>οὐδὲ γὰρ μνημονέστερον τοῦ Τζέτζου θεὸς ἄλλον</l><l>ἄνδρα τῶν πρίν τε καὶ τῶν νῦν ἐζέφηνεν ἐν βίῳ.</l></quote> (<hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 1.275.)</p><p>It is followed by an appendix, in iambics, and some prose epistles. It contains, however,
        a great deal of curious and valuable information, though, as Heyne has shown, the bulk of it
        was obtained by Tzetzes at second hand. Fabricins (<hi rend="ital">Bibl. Graec.</hi> xi. p.
        243, &amp;c.) has a list of above 400 writers quoted by Tzetzes in this work. The author
        appears <pb n="1201"/> to have contemplated a series of such productions, of which this was
        only the <foreign xml:lang="grc">Ἄλφα</foreign>. Various appendices or scholia to it,
        and a collection of 107 prose epistles are yet unpublished.</p><div><head>Editions</head><p><bibl>The first edition of this work was published by Gerbelius in 1546.</bibl><bibl>The best edition is that of Kiessling (Lips. 1826),</bibl> though much still requires
         correction and supplementation (see Struve, <hi rend="ital">Ueber den politischen Vers der
          Mittelgriechen,</hi> 1828, and in the <title>Krit. Biblioth.</title> 1827, 3. p. 241,
         &amp;c.; comp. Dübner, in the <title>Rhein. Mus.</title> 4.1). Some insignificant
         scholia on the Chiliades by Tzetzes are published in Cramer's <hi rend="ital">Anecdota.
          Oxon.</hi> (3.350, &amp;c.).</p></div></div><div><head>3. On the Education of Children</head><p>An iambic poem on the education of children is printed in the editions of the
        Chiliades.</p></div><div><head>4. <foreign xml:lang="grc">θεογονία</foreign></head><p>A series of mythical and epic narratives, in 777 political lines, entitled <title xml:lang="grc">θεογονία</title>, was discovered by Immanuel Bekker, and published in the
         <title>Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie,</title> 1840.</p></div><div><head>5. <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ μέτρων</foreign></head><p>A versified treatise <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ μέτρων</foreign>, and another
         <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ διαφορᾶς ποιητῶν</foreign> (Cramer, <hi rend="ital">Anecd. Oxon.</hi> 4.302, &amp;c.; Welcker, <hi rend="ital">Rhein. Mus.</hi> 4.393,
        &amp;c.; Meineke, <hi rend="ital">Com. Gr.</hi> ii. p. 1245-1254, v. p. 3).</p></div><div><head>6. <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ Πινδαρικῶν μέτρων</foreign></head><p>An equally worthless poem or collection of verses, <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ
         Πινδαρικῶν μέτρων</foreign> (Cramer, <hi rend="ital">Anecd. Paris.</hi> 1.59-162).</p></div><div><head>7. Versified Scholia</head><p>Some versified scholia on Hermogenes (Cramer, <hi rend="ital">Anecd. Oxon.</hi> iv. p.
        1-148).</p></div><div><head>8. <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ ῥημάτων αὐθυποτάκτων</foreign></head><p>Lines <foreign xml:lang="grc">περὶ ῥημάτων αὐθυποτάκτων</foreign> (Bekker, <hi rend="ital">Anecd.</hi> vol. iii. p. 1088-1090).</p></div><div><head>9. <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐξήγησις</foreign></head><p>An <foreign xml:lang="grc">ἐξήγησις</foreign> on the <title>Iliad</title> of
        Homer.</p><div><head>Editions</head><p><bibl>Published by G. Hermann, together with the work of Draco of Stratonicea, on metres
          (Leipzig, 1812)</bibl>.</p></div></div><div><head>10. Scholia on Hesiod</head><div><head>Editions</head><p><bibl>Printed in the editions of Hesiod by Trincavelli (Venice, 1537)</bibl>, and
          <bibl>Heinsius (Leyden, 1603)</bibl>.</p></div></div><div><head>Unpublished works</head><p>Of the unpublished works of Joannes Tzetzes, the most considerable is :</p><div><head>1. The Homeric Allegories</head><p>The Homeric Allegories (<foreign xml:lang="grc">ὑπόθεσις τοῦ Ὁμήρου
          ἀλληγορηθεῖσα</foreign> or <foreign xml:lang="grc">μετάφρασις Ὁμήρου</foreign>),
         consisting of some 6000 political lines. Tzetzes mentions this work in the Chiliades (5.7,
         776, 9.282, &amp;c.). Besides this there are,</p></div><div><head>2. Scholia on the Halieutica of Oppian</head><p>Scholia on the Halieutica of Oppian.</p></div><div><head>3. <title xml:lang="la">Expositio Isagoges, seu Libri de V. Vocibus
         Porphyrii,</title></head><p><title xml:lang="la">Expositio Isagoges, seu Libri de V. Vocibus Porphyrii,</title> in
         political verses.</p></div><div><head>4. An epitome of the rhetoric of Hermogenes</head><p>In political verses.</p></div><div><head>5. <foreign xml:lang="grc">Λογισμῶν βίβλος</foreign></head><p>(comp. <hi rend="ital">Chil.</hi> 11.361).</p></div><div><head>6. Letters</head><p>A collection of 107 letters (see above).</p></div><div><head>7. On the Canon of Ptolemy</head><p>A treatise on the Canon of Ptolemy.</p></div><div><head>8. Short Pieces</head><p>Various short pieces, epigrams, &amp;c.</p></div><div><head>Sources</head><p>For an account of the manuscripts in which these are found the reader is referred to
         Fabricius, <hi rend="ital">Bibl. Gr.</hi> vol. xi. p. 215, &amp;c., comp. 1.403,
         &amp;100.6.352.</p></div></div></div><div><head>Further Information</head><p>Schöll, <hi rend="ital">Geschichte der Griech. Litteratur,</hi> vol. iii. p. 84,
       &amp;c.; Bernhardy, <hi rend="ital">Grundriss der Griechischen Litteratur,</hi> vol. ii. p.
       1070.</p></div></div></div></body></text></TEI>
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