There are others which belong to a diflfrent species, but the same genus, such as Nor let thy vineyards slope toward the west,Georg. ii. 298. or In that hourBe it not mine beneath the open skyTo court soft sleep nor on the forest ridgeAmid the grass to lie.Georg. iii. 435. For in the first of these passages he is not advising some other person, nor exhorting himself in the second, his advice in both passages being meant for all. Sometimes, again, we speak of ourselves as though we were referring to others, as in phrases like, Servius asserts, Tullius denies it. i. e. I, Cicero, deny it. Halm suggests that the passage comes from an unpublished portion of his speech in defence of Murena. cp. Pro Mur. xxvii. 57.

At other times we speak in the first person instead of in another, or substitute one person for another. Both devices are employed together in the pro Caecina, where Cicero, addressing Piso, the counsel for the prosecution, says, You asserted that you reinstated me: I deny that you did so in accordance with the praetor's edict. pro Caec. xxix. 82. The actual truth is that it was Aebutius who asserted that he had reinstated the defendant, and Caecina who denied that he had been restored in accordance with the praetor's edict. We may note also a further figure of speech in the contracted dixti, which has dropped one of its syllables.

The following also may be regarded as belonging to the same genus. The first is called interpositio or interclusio by us, and parenthesis or paremptosis by the Greeks, and consists in the interruption of the continuous flow of our language by the insertion of some remark. The following is an example: ego cum te (mecum enim saepissime loquilur ) patriae reddidissem. pro Mil. xxxiv. 94. When I had restored you—for he often enters into conversation with me—to your country.

To this they add hyperbaton, See VIII. vi. 67. which they refuse to include among tropes. A second figure of this kind is one closely resembling the figure of thought known as apostrophe, See IX. ii. 38. but differing in this respect, that it changes the form of the language and not the sense. The following will illustrate my meaning: The Decii too,The Marii and Camilli, names of might,The Scipios, stubborn warriors, aye, and thee,Great Caesar.Georg. ii. 169. (Rhoades' translation).

There is a still more striking example in the passage describing the death of Polydorus Aen. iii. 55. : All faith he brake and Polydorus slewSeizing his gold by force. Curst greed of gold,To what wilt thou not drive the hearts of men? 'Those terminologists who delight in subtle distinctions call the last figure μετάβασις (transition), and hold that it may be employed in yet another way, as in Dido's What do I say? Where am I?Aen. iv. 595.

Virgil has combined apostrollphe and parenthesis in the well-known passage: Aen. viii. 642. Next Mettus the swift cars asunder tore,(Better, false Alban, hadst thou kept thy troth!)And Tullus dragged the traitors' mangled limbs. . . These figures and the like, which consist in change,

addition, omission, and the order of words, serve to attract the attention of the audience and do not allow it to flag, rousing it from time to time by some specially striking figure, while they derive something of their charm from their very resemblance to blemishes, just as a trace of bitterness in food will sometimes tickle the palate. But this result will only be obtained if figures are not excessive in number nor all of the same type or combined or closely packed, since economy in their use, no less than variety, will prevent the hearer being surfeited.

There is a more striking class of figure, which does not merely depend on the form of the language for its effect, but lends both charm and force to the thought as well. The first figure of this class which calls for notice is that which is produced by addition. Of this there are various kinds. Words, for instance, may be doubled with a view to amplification, as in I have slain, I have slain, not Spurius Maelius Cic. pro Mil. xxvii. 72. (where the first I have slain states what has been done, while the second emphasises it), or to excite pity, as in Ah! Corydon, Corydon.Ecl. ii. 69.

The same figure may also sometimes be employed ironically, with a view to disparagement. Similar to such doubling of words is repetition following a parenthesis, but the effect is stronger. I have seen the property alas! (for though all my tears are shed, my grief still clings to me deep-rooted in my heart), the property, I say, of Gnaeus Pompeius put up for sale by the cruel voice of the public crier. Phil. II. xxvi. 64. You still live, and live not to abate your audacity, but to increase it. Cat. I. ii. 4.

Again, a number of clauses may begin with the same word for the sake of force and emphasis. Were you unmoved by the guard set each night upon the Palatine, unmoved by the patrolling of the city, unmoved by the terror of the people, unmoved by the unanimity of all good citizens, unmoved by the choice of so strongly fortified a spot for the assembly of the senate, unmoved by the looks and faces of those here present to-day? Cic. Cat. I. i. 1. Or they may end with the same words. Who demanded them? Appius. Who produced them? Appius. pro. Mil. xxii. 59.

This last instance, however, comes under the head of another figure as well, where both opening and concluding words are identical, since the sentences open with who and end with Appius. Here is another example. Who are they who have so often broken treaties? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have waged war with such atrocious cruelty? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have laid Italy waste? The Carthaginians. Who are they who pray for pardon? The Carthaginians. Auct. ad Herenn., iv. 14.

Again, in antitheses and comparisons the first words of alternate phrases are frequently repeated to produce correspondence, which was my reason for saying a little while back IX. ii. 100. The passage is from pro Murena, ix. 22. that this device came under the present topic rather than that which I was then discussing. You pass wakeful nights that you may be able to reply to your clients; he that he and his army may arrive betimes at their destination. You are roused by cockcrow, he by the bugle's reveillé. You draw up your legal pleas, he sets the battle in array. You are on the watch that your clients be not taken at a disadvantage, he that cities or camps be not so taken.

But the orator is not content with producing this effect, but proceeds to reverse the figure. He knows and understands how to keep off the forces of the enemy, you how to keep off the rainwater; he is skilled to extend boundaries, you to delimit them.

A similar correspondence may be produced between the middle and the opening of a sentence, as in the line: te nemus Angitiae, vitrea te Fucinus unda.Aen. vii. 759 Thee did Angitia's grove bewail,Thee too the glassy waves o' the Fucine lake. The correspondence is to be found in te (coming first in one and second in the other clause). Or the middle may correspond to the end, as in the following sentence: This ship, laden with the spoil of Sicily, while it was itself a portion of the spoil. Verr. v. xvii. 44. Nor will it be questioned that a like effect may be produced by the repetition of the middle of both clauses. Again, the end may correspond with the beginning. Many grievous afflictions were devised for parents and for kinsfolk many. Verr. v. xlv. 119.

There is also another form of repetition which simultaneously reiterates things that have already been said, and draws distinctions between them. Iphitus too with me and Pelias came,Iphitus bowed with age and PeliasSlow-limping with the wound Ulysses gave.Aen. ii. 435. This is styled ἐπάνοδος by the Greeks and regression by Roman writers.

Nor are words only repeated to reaffirm the same meaning, but the repetition may serve to mark a contrast, as in the following sentence. The reputation of the leaders was approximately equal, but that of their followers perhaps not so equal. pro Lig. vi. 19. At times the cases and genders of the words repeated may be varied, as in Great is the toil of speaking, and great the task, etc. ; pro Muren. xiii. 29. a similar instance is found in Rutilius, but in a long period. I therefore merely cite the beginnings of the clauses. Pater hic tuus? patrem nunc appellas? patris tui filius es? Rutil. i. x. Is this your father? Do you still call him father? Are you your father's son?

This figure may also be effected solely by change of cases, a proceeding which the Greeks call πολύπτωτον It may also be produced in other ways, as in the pro Cluentio: lx. 167. But what was the time chosen for giving the poison? Was it on that day? Amid such a crowd? And who was selected to administer it? Where was it got? How was the cup intercepted? Why was it not given a second time? Quod autem tempus veneni dandi? illo die? illa frequentia? per quem porro datum? unde sumptum? quae porro interceptio poculi? cur non de integro autem datum?

The combination of different details is called μεταβολὴν by Caecilius, and may be exemplified by the following passage directed against Oppianicus in the pro Cluentio: xiv. 41. The local senate were unanimously of opinion that he had falsified the public registers at Larinum; no one would have any business dealings or make any contract with him, no one out of all his numerous relations and kinsfolk ever appointed him as guardian to his children, with much more to the same effect.

In this case the details are massed together, but they may equally be distributed or dissipated, as I think Cicero says. For example: Here corn, there grapes, elsewhere the growth of trees More freely rises,Georg. i. 54. with the remainder of the passage.

A wonderful mixture of figures may be found in Cicero From the lost speech against Q. Metellus. in the following passage, where the first word is repeated last after a long interval, while the middle corresponds with the beginning, and the concluding words with the middle. Yours is the work which we find here, conscript fathers, not mine, a fine piece of work too, but, as I have said, not mine, but yours. This frequent repetition, which,